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BIO181 Midterm
BIO181 Midterm
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1
concentration of solutes in a cell is less than the concentration of the surrounding fluid, the extracellular fluid is:
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Amphipathic
2
What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms?
Oxygen
Lipids
Sun
Glucose
3
How many covalent bonds are formed by carbon atoms, producing a wide variety of molecular shapes and sizes?
7
4
8
6
4
Why are enzymes considered important biological catalysts?
Enzymes lower the entropy of a biochemical reaction.
Enzymes lower the entropy of a biochemical reaction.
Enzymes increase the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction.
5
What substance is removed during a hydrolysis/condensation reaction?
Hydrocarbon
Water
Polymer
Carboxyl group
6
3-D structure resulting from two or more polypeptide chains interacting in a way to form a biologically active molecule
Protein Organization: Quaternary
Protein Organization: Primary
Protein Organization: Tertiary
Protein Organization: Secondary
7
An organism that has the ability to produce its own food, usually through photosynthesis is referred to as a(n):
Decomposer
Detritus feeder
Heterotroph
Autotroph
8
What group of molecules does this image represent?
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
9
3-D shape of an individual polypeptide chain determined by interactions among R groups of the same polypeptide chain
Protein Organization: Secondary
Protein Organization: Tertiary
Protein Organization: Quaternary
Protein Organization: Primary
10
An enzyme is which type of organic molecule?
Carbohydrate
Nucleic acid
Protein
Lipid
11
What group of molecules does this image represent?
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
12
Which statement about lipid bilayers is
incorrect?
They are self-sealing
They are inflexible
They can fuse with other bilayers
They spontaneously form closed vesicles (rings)
13
The primary purpose of homeostasis is to:
Allow unrestricted movement of an organism
Provide unlimited growth within an organism
Convert an organism to live in a harmful environment
Maintain a constant internal environment
14
When the net movement of water in and out a cell is zero, that solution is said to be ____?
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Osmotic
Hypotonic
15
Which is a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
It is a statement of fact.
It is falsifiable.
It represents important conclusions.
It can be proven to be true.
16
During an experiment, what is the purpose of a control group?
To prove the hypothesis
To compare the results with previous experiments
ensures the results in the experiment are due to the variable being tested
To disprove the hypothesis
17
Which is the main structural component of the walls that surround plant cells?
Glycogen
Starch
Phospholipids
Cellulose
18
Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is best illustrated by:
the basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry
the fact that cells are the building blocks of the most complex plants
idea that cells are the smallest units that carry out all life activities
the fact that all new cells come from previously existing cells
19
Which cellular mechanism
ejects
products, such as hormones, by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis
20
Which of the following statements about phospholipids is
incorrect?
They are amphipathic molecules
They contain a polar organic group attached to a phosphate group
They contain three fatty acids chains
They have two regions, one hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic
21
What is the purpose of a buffer?
To form a stable bond between atoms
To measure the acidity of a solution
To minimize the change in pH
To convert an acid to a base
22
Of the following cell structures, which are found in
all
types of cells? Choose all the apply.
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cell walls
Plasma membranes
23
What carbohydrate energy storage molecule is found in animal liver and muscle cells?
Glycogen
Glucose
Starch
Cellulose
24
Which components of the plasma membrane aids in cell recognition and plays a crucial role in the immune response?
Phospholipids
Integral proteins
Cholesterol
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
25
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined most directly by the____?
Number of valence electrons
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Atomic mass
26
In order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order, it must constantly ____?
Use Energy
Release Energy
Produce Energy
Increase Energy
27
What Sub-unit is a Nucleic acid?
Monosaccharide
Amino Acid
Lipid
Nucleotide
28
What type of molecule can rapidly cross a plasma membrane?
Large, polar molecules
Small polar molecules
Small, hydrophobic molecules
Large, hydrophobic molecules
29
In a lipid bilayer, __________ fatty acid tails face each other within the bilayer and form a region that excludes water
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Hypotonic
Hyperosmotic
30
Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?
A small cell size prevents a cell from weighing too much.
A small cell is better able to conserve energy than a larger cell.
small surface area relative to volume to transport through plasma membrane
small volume relative to surface area to transport through plasma membrane
31
What is the passive movement of water along a concentration gradient?
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Plasmolysis
Simple diffusion
32
Which statement concerning a scientific theory is FALSE?
It predicts new facts.
It may suggest practical applications.
It is unchangeable.
It is based on multiple hypotheses.
33
What is the primary role of the plasma membrane in a cell?
To store genetic material
To produce proteins
defines the cells boundaries and control interactions with the environment
To generate energy
34
Carrier proteins are also called _____?
Active transport proteins
Pores
Aquaporins
Transport proteins
35
Water is an example of a polar covalent bond. Which of the following statements is (are) true? Choose all that apply.
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen
electrons in the valence shell of oxygen are more than hydrogens shell
electrons are in the valence shell of hydrogen are more than oxygens shell
oxygen has a partial negative charge hydrogen has a partial positive charge
oxygen has a partial positive charge hydrogen has a partial negativecharge
Hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen
36
Which of the following is (are) themes in the field of biology? Choose all that apply.
Populations change over time through the process of evolution
Information must be transferred
Structure and function are interrelated
Life depends on a continuous input and transfer of energy
Biological systems interact
37
What Sub-unit is a carbohydrate?
Amino Acid
Monosaccharide
Lipid
Nucleotide
38
Which organic compound is not only responsible for energy storage, but can also provide thermal insulation?
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
39
Which of the following statements is (are) correct regarding covalent bonds? Choose all that apply.
Forms, when a metal loses an electron and a nonmetal, gains an electron
Form between metals and nonmetals
Forms when the valence shells overlap and the atoms "share" electrons
Soluble in water
Forms between two nonmetal
40
Specialized structures within a living cell are known as ___________.
Organelles
Eukaryotic structures
Cell structures
Prokaryotic structures
41
What function does cholesterol serve in the plasma membrane?
It acts as a barrier to all substances.
It solely supports the structure of the cell wall.
It facilitates the attachment of proteins to the membrane.
It helps maintain membrane fluidity across different temperatures.
42
Why are hydrocarbons considered hydrophobic?
The hydrogen bonds between hydrogen and carbon are nonpolar
Hydrocarbons exist as isomers
The covalent bonds between carbon atoms are polar
The covalent bonds between hydrogen and carbon are nonpolar
43
The acid found in human stomachs has a pH of 2. There for it is a(n) ____?
Buffer
Acid
Base
Element
44
Which molecule is
least
likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion?
Potassium ion
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Oxygen
45
The region of the enzyme molecule that interacts with a substrate is called the ______.
Reaction site
Cofactor site
Active site
Allosteric site
46
What group of molecules does this image represent?
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Proteins
47
What are compounds that have the same molecular formulas but different structures and different molecules?
Amino acid
Isotope
Monomer
Isomer
48
What form of energy is stored within the molecules of ATP?
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Heat energy
Light energy
49
Consider the statement “biological systems interact.” What does this mean?
Biological organisms are interdependent.
Every organism is in conflict with other organisms.
Biological organisms are not interdependent.
Systems combine to reproduce.
50
Sodium-potassium pumps help to maintain a separation of charges across the plasma membrane, which is called the:
Macrophage
Electron gradient
Membrane potential
Proton gradient
51
What group of molecules does this image represent?
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
52
halts the net movement of water from a hypotonic solution into plant cells and provides structural support to plants
Facilitated diffusion
Turgor pressure
Plasmolysis
Osmotic pressure
53
Protein organization:α–helix and β-pleated sheets form as a result from hydrogen bonding involving the backbone
Primary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Secondary
54
Protein organization: The Amino Acid sequence
Primary
Tertiary
Secondary
Quaternary
55
The free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products. Such a reaction is referred to as:
Exergonic reaction
Entropic reaction
Activation reaction
Endergonic reaction
56
If the ribosomes of a cell are destroyed, which cellular activity will be affected first?
ATP production
DNA synthesis
Active transport
Protein synthesis
57
What is the OH− concentration of a solution having a pH of 2?
1 × 10-7
1 × 10-10
1 × 10-2
1 × 10 -12
58
According to the fluid mosaic model, what is primarily responsible for the plasma membrane's structure?
Carbohydrates and cholesterol
Nucleic acids
Phospholipids and proteins
RNA and DNA
59
What Sub-unit is a protein?
Amino Acid
Lipid
Nucleotide
Monosaccharide
60
When we know what kinds of ____ are present in an organic compound, we can predict its chemical behavior.
Proteins
Macromolecules
functional groups
Electrons
61
How do competitive inhibitors hinder biochemical reactions?
help the substrate attaching to the allosteric site.
Competitive inhibitors help the substrate attaching to the active site.
block the substrate from attaching to the allosteric site.
block the substrate from attaching to the active site
62
The cohesiveness between water molecules is due largely to _________.
Polar covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Water bonds
63
Which type of organisms contain mitochondria for ATP production? Choose all the apply.
Bacteria
Protist
Viruses
Fungi
Plants
Animals
64
A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions is called a(n)_____?
Compound
Molecule
Element
Cell
65
Nitrogen has an atomic # of 7 and 5 valence electrons, how many more electrons does it need to fill its valence shell?
Eight
Three
Two
Seven
66
Which of the following fatty acids include one or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond?
Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids
Trans fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
67
What is required for facilitated diffusion to take place?
Movement down a concentration gradient
Energy from ATP
A transmembrane protein
A small nonpolar molecule
68
What characteristic of phospholipids contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane?
The presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Their large size
The presence of cholesterol
Their ability to form hydrogen bonds
