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UNIT REVIEW - Sociocutural
UNIT REVIEW - Sociocutural
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1
In Milgram’s experiments, what explains the willingness to apply increasingly intense shocks to the confederate?
Social facilitation
Door-in-the-face
Groupthink
Foot-in-the-door
2
The more bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help someone in trouble. This is explained by:
Altruism
Diffusion of responsibility
Group polarization
Ethnocentrism
3
The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals do which of the following?
Mold their interpretations of the past to fit how events actually turnedout
Underestimate the influence of unconscious motivation
Incorrectly assume that all behavior is determined by genetic factors
Overestimate the influence of personal qualities compared to situational
4
In the experiments of Solomon Asch, the tendency of group members to conform was reduced most by...
The presence of a single dissenter
The threat of punishment
Frequent interaction among the group members
The appointment of a democratic leader
5
Which of these studies was met with the greatest criticism about the ethical issues involved?
Irving Janis’ studies on groupthink
Solomon Asch’s studies on conformity
Muzafer Sherif’s Robbers Cave study
Stanley Milgram’s studies on obedience
6
Employers are most likely to ensure high performance and job satisfaction from their workers if the employers
Pay per hour rather than per quantity produced
Redesign jobs to increase workers' responsibility and flexibility
Double the workers' wages
Monitor workers and punish the ones who are lazy
7
Katie explaining to her parents why they should let her go to CMU. She presents them info on tuition + financial aid
The central route to persuasion
An algorithm
The door-in-the-face technique
The self-serving bias
8
Which of the following regularities in behavior can most likely be accounted for by the existence of a group norm?
People perform well-learned behaviors better in the presence of others
Students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with peers.
The average annual income of industrial workers in 1972 was $7,250.
Most people sleep at least six hours a night.
9
Which of the following is an example of social facilitation?
A child smiles more often with family members than with strangers
A student scores higher on tests taken with classmates than with strangers
An editor’s productivity increases when she is given a private office
An athlete performs better in games before a large crowd than in practice
10
Individuals are most likely to obey when demands are made by a
close friend
legitimate authority
physically attractive individual
colleague of similar rank
11
Which of the following examples represents the concept of the mere-exposure effect?
Alexei believes everything that her favorite singer says on social media
Ryan grows to like a commercial the more he watches that commercial
Ritu fell in love with her favorite movie the first time she saw it
Douglas prefers to watch movies only once, as he hates repeated information
12
Which of the following is an individual more likely to do when working in a group?
Provide needed help to a stranger
Increase effort on a project
Endorse an opinion with low popularity among group members
Show a decline in work output
13
Leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation are all studied in which psychological discipline?
Community psychology
Industrial-organizational psychology
Human factors psychology
Counseling psychology
14
What is culture generally understood to be?
A rigid system that does not change over time
A set of genetic traits passed down through generations
A collection of behaviors, attitudes, and identities shared by a group
A biological adaptation unique to human evolution
15
When people evaluate themselves based on comparisons to other members of society or social circles.
Mere exposure effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Actor-observer bias
Social comparison
16
After spending time with her coworker James at a week-long conference, Deb finds herself attracted to him.
Deindividuation
The fundamental attribution error
The mere-exposure effect
A social trap
17
A student has just failed an exam. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be evidence of the self-serving bias?
“That material was so hard that no one could have passed that class.”
“My teacher hates me.”
“I didn’t study hard enough.”
“I was having a pretty bad day when I took that test.”
18
Which of the following best reflects a situational/external attribution?
Sheila believes poor people are responsible for their financial problems.
George believes that working hard will lead to a promotion at work.
Marcy concludes she did poorly on her exam because it was unfair.
Dan practices his violin before his lesson.
19
Ralph knows that smoking is bad for his health, but he still smokes. Cognitive dissonance theory says that Ralph will...
argue that his friends should stop smoking
focus on the social advantages to smoking
start smoking more frequently
gather information on the dangers of smoking
20
Bill mistakenly believes that Natalia dislikes him. So, Bill avoids her. Natalia notices this and begins to dislike Bill
Stereotype threat
Mere-exposure effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Obedience
21
An individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances?
When the injury is severe
When it is unclear if the injured person needs help
When the bystander is the only other person present
When the other people present are not helping the injured person
22
Of the following students, who is most clearly demonstrating a dispositional/internal attribution?
Tyler, who says he lost class president because the election was rigged
Lyle, who says his team won the quiz bowl tournament because they got lucky
Jane, who says she failed a test because her teacher hates her
Martin who says he earned a spot on the football team through his hard work
23
Ms. Troyna finds that students who plagiarize the most overestimate how often other students plagiarize.
False consensus effect
Fundamental attribution theory
Hindsight bias
Halo effect
24
The more bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help someone in trouble. This result is explained by
group polarization
diffusion of responsibility
altruism
ethnocentrism
25
Which of the following hypotheses would most likely be evaluated by an industrial-organizational psychologist?
Group identification will influence attitudes and behaviors toward outgroup
Improved lighting conditions will lead to increased worker productivity
A new drug will have a significant effect on reducing symptoms of depressio
Personal daily gratitude practices will lead to higher levels of happiness
26
When Jer hears that his neighbor’s house was robbed, he says he deserved it because he leaves his door unlocked.
Out-group homogeneity bias
The availability heuristic
The fundamental attribution error
The just-world hypothesis
27
Which of the following was true of Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity?
If the confederates' judgments were not unanimous, conformity decreased
Subjects conformed less when their judgments were made known to the group
People conformed if they knew and respected the authority figure present
An increase from 7 to 12 confederates increased conformity
28
Marc performs poorly on a psych exam and explains his failure by saying, “That test was so hard no one could pass it.”
the representativeness heuristic
self-serving bias
the just-world hypothesis
the fundamental attribution error
29
“It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured.” This belief is best explained by
drive-reduction theory
evolutionary psychology
cognitive dissonance theory
the two-factor theory of emotion
30
The process by which one evaluates the causes of other people’s behavior is called
cognitive dissonance
social cognition
persuasion
attribution
31
What is acculturation?
The complete replacement of one culture with another
Adopting elements of another culture while maintaining your original cultur
The rejection of all cultural traditions and beliefs
The process of isolating cultures to prevent external influences
32
People who find themselves engaging in behavior that is against their principles will most likely experience
homeostasis
an approach-avoidance conflict
social facilitation
cognitive dissonance
33
Placing group needs above one’s own needs is known as
cognitive dissonance
collectivism
ethnocentrism
ego defense
34
The results of Stanley Milgram’s studies on obedience suggested that
most people resist social coercion
people usually obey their consciences when given orders
obedient people are unable to empathize with others
most people will obey perceived authority figures’ instructions to harm
35
Which is NOT a method for reducing dissonance after refusing to contribute money for a gift to a coworker?
Making a donation to a charity in the coworker’s name
Volunteering to buy a gift for another coworker for a different occasion
Saying a phrase such as “I am so rude” over and over
Repeating the thought that the coworker makes a lot and doesn't need a gift
36
A stereotype is defined as which of the following?
A generalization about a social group
A negative action taken against someone who is a member of a social group
A belief that one’s own culture is superior to all others
An adjustment of one’s behavior in response to peer pressure
37
Which of the following best illustrates group polarization?
After the pep rally, the students in the school had even more school spirit
After a crowd began to form around him, Kendall started playing better.
Trisha did very little work on the group project
Kima put on a mascot costume and began to taunt and yell at opposing fans
38
When Al scores low on his test he blames the difficulty. When he hears Chuck scored low, he says it's cause Chuck's dumb
Displacement
A self-fulfilling prophecy
The actor-observer bias
Belief perseverance
39
What is cultural transmission?
The way cultural values are passed from one generation to the next
The loss of culture due to globalization
The rejection of traditional values in favor of modern ideas
The transformation of one culture into another through conquest
40
Because the popular students in the high school wear a particular brand of shoe, a new student buys a pair.
Conformity
Compliance
Groupthink
Obedience
41
The process by which important group decisions may be distorted because different viewpoints are not encouraged
Groupthink
Social loafing
Just-world hypothesis
Pluralistic ignorance
42
Lily believes all young men are reckless drivers. Which of the following concepts best represents Lily’s belief?
Situational attribution
Stereotype
Pessimistic explanatory style
Discrimination
43
Lisa admires a musician who she thinks is attractive. Because of the musician’s looks, Lisa assumes he is smart and kind
Social comparison
Self-serving bias
The halo effect
Overconfidence
44
In Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments, subject were LEAST likely to deliver maximum levels of shock when the
“learner” said that he had a heart condition
experimenter told hesitant subjects, “You have no choice, you must go on”
subject observed other subjects who refused to obey the orders
“learner” screamed loudly in pain
45
People who are part of a crowd sometimes commit aggressive, antisocial acts that they would not commit if alone
Deindividuation
Cognitive dissonance
Groupthink
Social facilitation
46
Diffusion of responsibility has been used to explain which of the following findings in social psychology?
People in a group lose their individual identity and become more cohesive.
A person seeing an emergency alone is more likely to help than in a group.
People often perform better when working in a group than when working alone
People often conform because of peer pressure.
47
Which is a dispositional attribution for the reason a student fell asleep in class?
The class was scheduled too early in the morning.
The student does not care about the class.
The class is boring.
The warm temperature of the room put the student to sleep.
48
The just-world hypothesis would best explain which of the following phenomena?
Blaming the victim
Bystander apathy
The need for power
Cognitive dissonance
49
The term group polarization refers to the tendency for
one or more group members to eventually have their opinions disregarded
prevailing opinion within a group to become more extreme after discussion
two opposing factions to emerge within a group
a single leader to eventually dominate most groups
50
An individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances?
When a large number of people are present
When the bystander is the only other person present
When the other people present are not helping the injured person
When the injury is severe
51
After discussion, a group makes a decision more extreme than the prior average position of all of the group members.
diffusion of responsibility
group polarization
group consistency
group consensus
52
Which of the following examples best represents altruism?
Josie forms a study group to hold herself accountable for studying.
Booker stops to help someone even though it puts him in danger.
Benny does extra work on a group project to impress his friends.
Darby helps his boss in order to get some overtime pay.
53
One way to reduce intergroup conflict is to establish
diffusion of responsibility
bystander apathy
superordinate goals
counterconformity
54
Dhyana is tasked with designing a political campaign that utilizes the peripheral route to persuasion
Hiring a well-known actress to stand next to the candidate at a rally
Hosting one-on-one meetings between the candidate and potential voters
Visiting political science classes at local colleges
Hosting a six-hour town hall meeting
55
What field of psychology analyzes the efficiency of businesses in their hiring, basic training, and management
Industrial/organizational
Quantitative
Clinical
Educational
56
Michelle paid for the lunch, and as a result, Jill feels that she should do something for Michelle.
Social facilitation
Altruism
The reciprocity norm
The fundamental attribution error
57
After Kelly’s friends all buy the same red striped sweatshirt, Kelly buys one as well, even though she doesn’t like red.
Obedience
Normative social influence
Deindividuation
Informational social influence
58
These cultures often place more emphasis on group instead of personal achievement.
Intrinsic
Collectivist
Individualistic
Social-cognitive
59
Even though Eli prefers romantic comedy movies, he often goes to action-adventure movies to fit in with his friends.
obedience
the reciprocity norm
informational social influence
normative social influence
60
Rick believes his basketball coach doesn’t like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes him
Confirmation bias
The Flynn effect
Retroactive interference
Overregularization
61
When his team wins, Joe says it is because his team is good. When his team loses, it is because the refs made bad calls.
self-serving bias, because he sees his team as being better than it is
conformity, because his team follows all the rules of the game
self-serving bias, because he thinks all referees are unfair
conformity, because he sees his team as being better than it is
62
Which of the following scenarios best represents conformity?
Marwa's coworker covers her shift, so next weekend Marwa helps her out
Even though most hate lions, they do a project on lions for group harmony
Beth becomes vegan when starting college because her new friends are vegan
Teacher says not to use cell phones, so Chris doesn't use his cell phone
63
Morgan made the fundamental attribution error in explaining her students’ poor performance on their geography exam:
“Maybe I am just not a good teacher.”
“It was too cold. Maybe that’s why the students did poorly.”
“The students just do not care enough about their grades.”
“I will have to present the material to them another way and retest.”
64
Why might those from collectivist cultures be less likely than those from individualist cultures to seek psychotherapy?
They focus on the self, so will handle it on their own
They may feel less comfortable with communicating their personal needs.
They may be more likely to experience learned helplessness.
They are more motivated to research all treatment options.
65
Kristin sees a 40yo man fall. Which of the following situations would decrease the likelihood of her helping him?
Kristin's empathy is high.
Kristin feels distress with not helping.
The man fell at a crowded farmers market.
The man is Kristin's cousin.
66
Lori reads 12 research studies that say REM sleep is important for memory. She doesn't believe it + stays up all night.
Fundamental attribution error
Belief perseverance
Confirmation bias
Self-fulfilling prophecy
67
People were asked to sign a petition in support of a candidate. Later, those who signed were asked to donate money
Social facilitation
The door-in-the-face technique
The foot-in-the-door technique
The self-serving bias
68
Claude, a waiter, gives extra appetizers to his return customers because they often tip him more when he does.
The reciprocity norm
Social facilitation
Normative social influence
The proximity effect
69
During a debate, Candidate A expresses detailed facts on an important issue. Candidate B responds with emotional appeal
A is using the peripheral route, and B is using the door-in-the-face techni
A is using the central route, and B is using the foot-in-the-door technique
A is using the central route, and B is using the peripheral route.
A is using the peripheral route, and B is using the central route.
70
People often judge their own sense of deprivation relative to others
Fundamental attribution error
Mere exposure effect
Relative deprivation
Self-fulfilling prophecy
71
Alone, Jaci puts good effort and meets deadlines. In a group, she rarely attends meetings and always misses the deadline
ethnocentrism
groupthink
social loafing
group polarization
72
The failure of bystanders to give victims of car accidents needed assistance is sometimes explained as an instance of
diffusion of responsibility
mere exposure effect
group polarization
deindividuation
73
What is enculturation?
The rejection of cultural traditions in favor of modern practices
The forced assimilation of minority cultures into a dominant culture
Learning and adopting the values, norms, and behaviors of your own culture
The process of creating entirely new cultural traditions
74
According to the fundamental attribution error, what is likely to be a student’s explanation for a classmate’s failure?
The classmate missed class too often.
There were too many picky questions on the exam.
The classmate was too lazy to study hard.
The classmate was not well.
75
In experiments on obedience, what is an explanation for participants’ willingness to apply increasingly intense shocks
Anchoring
Foot-in-the-door
Groupthink
Social facilitation
76
Kat asks her dad to buy her the priciest phone. When he refuses, she asks for the less expensive phone she really wanted
The foot-in-the-door technique
Lowballing
The door-in-the-face technique
Informational social influence
77
When watching the Olympics, most people cheer for athletes from their own country.
Groupthink
In-group bias
Social facilitation
Mere-exposure effect
78
The tendency to believe another person’s behavior is caused by dispositional factors as opposed to environmental factors
the fundamental attribution error
situational attribution
impression management
an implicit personality theory
79
Lisa is a college English major. She believes all math majors are analytical, logical, and serious.
Group polarization
Out-group homogeneity bias
In-group bias
Stereotype threat
80
An industrial-organizational psychologist would be most likely to study the
Career development of high school students
Cognitive development of adults
Industrialization of the United States
Effectiveness of management training
81
Ethnocentrism is described in which scenario?
Sharon shops only at businesses owned by a certain ethnic group
Justin feels anxiety whenever he is around someone from another country
Martin distrusts a religion because it is uncommon where he lives
Oren refuses to be lab partners with any of the girls in his class
82
A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee criticizes everything they do. The new employee then does bad.
Latent learning
A self-fulfilling prophecy
The halo effect
The Hawthorne effect
83
In Milgram’s classic research what percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock?
40%
60%
25%
85%
84
Which of the following examples describes groupthink?
No one wanted to disagree, so they picked an ugly beige color paint.
A professor drops a stack of papers in a crowded hallway, and no one helps
Company makes employees wear khaki pants, so they all wear khaki pants
Josiah runs slower for a relay race than he does when running individually
85
A basic assumption underlying the definition of groupthink is that
members are primarily interested in their own advancement within the group
decisions made by groups are more extreme than those made by individuals
group members desire peace and harmony within the group
more reasonable decisions are made by groups than by individuals
86
Kristin sees a man fall to the ground. Which of the following would
decrease
the likelihood of her helping him?
The man fell at a crowded farmers market.
The man clearly states that he needs help.
Kristin feels distress with not helping.
Kristin's empathy is high.
87
Which of the following is most useful in under-standing an employer's interpretation of an employee's poor performance?
Reinforcement theory
Arousal theory
Cognitive dissonance
Attribution theory
88
Which phenomenon was demonstrated when participants in Milgram’s experiment administered the highest level of voltage?
Deindividuation
Conformity
Obedience
Group cohesion
89
According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to
good luck
the low level of difficulty of the exam
his instructor's teaching ability
his intelligence
90
Jim is better at computer games when his friends are watching than when he plays alone.
Social loafing
Social facilitation
Normative social influence
Group polarization
91
The primary difference between the central route and the peripheral route to persuasion is whether it focuses on
Social roles
The content of the message
Historical events
Internal attributions
92
Marissa is a good tennis player whose performance seems to improve as the crowd watching her gets larger.
the self-serving bias
a social schema
social facilitation
the bystander effect
93
When Julie’s BF bought her a nice present, she thought, “He buys me presents because he’s such a nice person.” This is
social facilitation
a stereotype
an attribution
a belief in a just world
