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AP Psychology - AP Exam Final Review Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psychology - AP Exam Final Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Final Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
stereotypes
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
2
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
3
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
illusions
obsessions
hallucinations
4
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
5
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
6
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scores
test norms
test scales
7
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
8
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
syntax
9
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
10
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
concrete
11
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
12
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
13
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
14
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
drive theory
15
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
16
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
investment differentiations
display rules
parental investments
17
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
introspection
cognition
mentalism
18
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
19
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
20
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
21
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
22
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
23
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
representativeness
consistency
accuracy of inference
24
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
attention
processing
sensation
25
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
26
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
27
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
28
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
morphemic
platonic
phonemic
29
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
30
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
relearning
reiteration
recognition
31
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
boat-goat
car-nose
fill-feed
32
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
33
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
sensory
short-term
intermediate-term
34
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
conservation
centration
egocentrism
35
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
intelligence
creativity
insight
36
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
37
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
38
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
bipolar
unipolar
cyclical
39
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
selection
step-wise conditioning
shaping
40
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
41
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
42
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
social charm
43
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
44
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
45
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
46
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
predictive validity
47
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
obedience
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
48
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
49
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
mechanical
50
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
51
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
52
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
53
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
54
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
55
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
marital problems
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
56
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
57
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
punishment
58
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
opiates
pathogens
prenatals
59
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
60
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
61
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
a compulsion
62
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
63
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
64
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
low in openness
65
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
observational learning
66
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
67
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
crystallized
fluid
procedural
68
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
pressure
change
conflict
69
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
regression
compensation
fixation
70
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
collectivism
individualism
attributionism
71
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
72
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
73
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
74
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
construct
absolute
75
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
76
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
77
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
78
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
behavioral quality
personality
attachment
79
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
80
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
sadness
happiness
surprise
81
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
a personality test
82
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
rabbit
83
____ tests measure general mental ability while ___ tests measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
84
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
85
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
86
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
modeled
ablated
encoded
87
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
attachment probing
strange situation
88
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
89
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
anal
latency
genital
90
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
chunk
schema
script
91
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the principle of collectivism
92
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a percentile score
a potential score
mental age
93
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
abstract operations
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
94
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
humanistic
95
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
96
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
