Bio Study Guide

Cell organelle housing DNA in eukaryotes

Vesicle fusion to release materials outside cell

Enzymes function optimally between 0*C and 35*C

Ribosomal RNA, a component of ribosomes

Region where sister chromatids are joined

Folded structures within mitochondria for ATP production

Asexual reproduction creating two identical daughter cells

Plant cell organelles

Vesicles containing enzymes for digestion

Process of breaking down glucose for energy

Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in muscles

Lack of water halts photosynthesis process

Father of genetics; studied pea plant inheritance

First amino acid; start codon for proteins

Plants that open stomata at night to conserve water

Transport of larger/polar molecules via protein channels

Organism with identical alleles for a trait

Movement of small, non-polar molecules through bilayer

Cross examining two traits between parents

Physical appearance resulting from genotype

Organisms that consume others for energy

Alleles separated during gamete formation

Having identical alleles for a traits

Structure forming during cytokinesis in plant cells

Transfer RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes

Sexual reproduction producing four unique daughter cells

Process where cells develop specialized functions

Microtubule structure guiding chromosome movement

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Water movement from high to low concentration

Three bases on tRNA complementary to mRNA codon

Modifies and packages proteins for transport

Study of gene transmission across generation

Membrane-bound compartment in chloroplasts for light reactions

Higher solute concentration outside cell, water exits

Cells with two sets of chromosomes

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

Examples of Prokaryotes

Molecule movement from low to high concentration, requires energy

Enzyme adding nucleotides to growing DNA strand

Cell organelle where protein synthesis

Observable characteristic, like eye color or height

Protects cell and regulates material entry and exit

Final stage generating ATP using NADH and FADH2

Plants that minimize water loss by opening stomata briefly

Conversion of pyruvic acid to alcohol by yeasts

Theodor Schwann

Fluid inside mitochondria containing enzymes for respiration

Pyrimidine base pairing with adenine in DNA

Long chains of genes in the nucleus

Foundation theory

Specific paring of nitrogenous bases in DNA

Allows certain substances to pass, blocking others

Smaller, simpler cells without a nucleus

Structure formed by homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Purine base pairing with Thymine in DNA

Purine base pairing with Cytosine in DNA

Signals termination of the system

Substances that absorb light in photosynthesis

Organisms that produce food using sunlight

Weak bonds between nitrogenous bases

Process allowing cells to replicate and maintain size

Cell division resulting in identical daughter cells

Process converting sunlight into glucose and oxygen

Process converting DNA into RNA strand

Identical copies of a chromosome joined together

Pores on plant leaves for gas exchange

Difference in DNA among individuals

Energy-poor compound with two phosphate groups

Structure of DNA resembling a twisted ladder

Pyrimidine base pairing with Guanine in DNA

Tool for predicting offspring traits from parents

Cell organelles responsible for energy production

Molecule movement across membrane without energy

Respiration requiring oxygen to produce energy

Cross examining one trait between parents

Asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from parent

Site of protein assembly by ribosomes

Matthias Schleiden

Folded membrane increasing surface area for reactions

Reproduction involving contribution from two parents

Building block of proteins, coded by codons

Barrier surrounding the mitochondria

Cell Theory

Light-independent reactions converting CO2 into glucose

Three bases of mRNA coding for amino acids

Fertilized egg formed from sperm and egg

Different forms of a gene producing traits

Limits cell size for efficient function

Describes cell membrane's dynamic lipid and protein arrangement

Components of DNA and RNA that encode genetic information

Transport proteins and enzymes within the cell

Offspring from parents with different traits

Difference in molecule concentration across a distance

Vascular tissue transporting nutrients and sugars

Subunits composing DNA and RNA molecules

Sex cells involved in sexual reproduction

Three major parts

Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H12O6 + 6O2

Green pigment absorbing sunlight in plants

Lower solute concentration outside cell, water enters

Transport of large molecules using vesicles

cell structures aiding in the cell division

Fluid-filled space in chloroplasts for Calvin Cycle

Segments of DNA coding for traits

Genes segregate independently during gamete formation

Genetic makeup of an organism for traits

Rudolph Virchow

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Hooke

Larger, complex cells with a nucleus

Modern Cell Theory

Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles in traits

Vesicle formation to bring materials into cell

Undifferentiated cell capable of becoming specialized

Having different alleles for a trait

Energy-rich compound with three phosphate groups

Higher light increases the rate of photosynthesis

Cells regulating stomata opening and closing

Messenger RNA carrying genetic code from DNA

Enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication

Vascular tissue transporting water in plants

Examples of Eukaryotes

Molecule carrying genetic information in cells

Cell with one set of chromosomes

Second stage of respiration producing ATP in mitochondria

Cellular digestion of large particles

Reactions using sunlight produce ATP and NADPH

Varies based on function and efficiency

Reproduction without genetic variation in offspring

Asexual reproduction in prokaryotes splitting into two

Molecule containing hereditary information in organisms

Structure comped of DNA and proteins

Indentation during cytokinesis in animal cells

Hans & Zacharias Janssen

Equal solute concentrations inside and outside cell

Process synthesizing proteins from mRNA sequence

Cellular drinking of fluids and small particles

5-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotide

Asexual reproduction where a parent organism breaks apart

Cell division producing genetically unique gametes

First stage of cellular respiration occurring in cytoplasm