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AP Psychology Final Review
AP Psychology Final Review
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AP Psychology
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150 cards
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1
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
achievement test
IQ test
EQ test
aptitude test
2
When Ryan is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Ryan is not late again
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
modeling
3
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
nausea and food or drink
movement and electrical shocks
punishment and aversion
performing a task and receiving food
4
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
extrinsic motivation
need for achievement
primary drives
intrinsic motivation
5
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
disconnection from reality and delusions
6
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
7
Abby has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
habituation
discrimination
assimilation
accommodation
8
the limbic system plays an important role in
planning for the future
processing sensory information
maintaining balance
regulating emotion
9
which is an example of an implicit memory
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recognizing a celebrity
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
remembering how to tie your shoelace
10
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
rTMS
PET
MRI
EEG
11
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
pens, pencils, and a computer
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
a desk and/or table
four legs and a seat
12
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
descriptive statistics
counterbalancing
standard deviation
inferential statistics
13
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
ignore : adaptation
reduce : stereotypes
14
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
learned associations
neurochemical imbalances
unhealthy attributional styles
unfulfilled needs
15
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
sleep apnea and night terrors
heightened manifest dream content
interference with memory tasks
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
16
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language acquisition device
phonemes and morphemes
serial position effect
17
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
trait
humanist
social-cognitive
psychoanalyst
18
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
specific changes in the brain
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
19
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
normally distributed
modes
outliers
variances
20
Naya is laughing because she just won the lottery. J thinks she is a fun person. J's opinion
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
21
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his research wasn't representative of the population
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
22
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
fixed intervals; variable ratios
learned responses; physiological reactions
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
schedules; punishers
23
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
openness
neuroticism
conscientiousness
extraversion
24
light enters the eye through an opening in the
retina
iris
blind spot
fovea
25
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
terminal button
synaptic cleft
myelin
26
Audrey learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
behavior shaping
law of effect
token economy
higher-order conditioning
27
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
environmental factors that influence intelligence
nonessential subjects like art and music
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
28
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
detecting absolute threshold
sound localization
hearing high frequencies
sensory adaptation
29
In people, rods, unlike cones,
respond more quickly to colors
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
are located in the center of the retina
30
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
split-half reliability
test-retest reliability
content validity
predictive validity
31
After a natural disaster Erica says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
just world bias
Barnum effect
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
32
which structure is part of the inner ear
basilar membrane
tympanic membrane
malleus (hammer)
auditory canal
33
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
at what age can children reason abstractly
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
34
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
violation of confidentiality
lack of informed consent
risk of psychological harm
lack of debriefing
35
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
parenting styles
unconscious conflicts
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
36
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
construct validity
aptitude measures
standardization
test-retest reliability
37
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
bottom up processing
difference threshold
38
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
39
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
40
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Ethan gets the flu. What theory explains this
James-Lange theory of emotion
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Yerkes-Dodson law
41
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
hippocampus
Gage's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
42
Which is most closely associated with creativity
functional fixedness
hypothesis testing
contextual intelligence
divergent thinking
43
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
unconditional positive regard
secondary central dispositions
defense mechanisms
factor analysis
44
Morgan believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
a strong superego
high self-efficacy
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
45
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
hemispheric lateralization
effective psychological environment
contralateral control
neuroplasticity
46
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : punish
remove : decrease
add : decrease
remove : increase
47
What is the purpose of the DSM
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
48
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cornea
rods
optic nerve
cones
49
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
hormones jump from one axon to the next
physical contact between dendrites
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
50
An EEG of Emily after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
beta waves
delta waves
sleep spindles
51
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
top-down and bottom-up processing
binocular and monocular cues
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
proximity and similarity
52
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
53
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
parenting style
attachment
motor development
assimilation
54
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
dissociative
schizophrenic
anixety
personality
55
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
be able to take another person's perspective
believe in God
have been exposed to good, moral role models
56
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
57
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that language is a uniquely human skill
the importance of physical contact to development
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that primates can make and use tools
58
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
59
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
unconditioned response
stimulus generalization
60
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
observational learning
counterconditioning
latent learning
61
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
temperament
culture
family
environment
62
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
B.F. Skinner
William James
Albert Bandura
Carl Rogers
63
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
Babinski
stepping
Moro
rooting
64
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
biological
evolutionary
humanistic
psychodynamic
65
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social facilitation
social roles
conformity
disinhibition
66
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
cognitive
structuralist
behavioral
pharmacological
67
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
pons
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
hypothalamus
68
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
hearing
sight
balance
touch
69
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
70
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
retroactive memory
recall
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
episodic memory
71
What number will tell Kat whether her research is statistically significant
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a mean that is the same as the median
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a probability of chance less than 5%
72
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
biological theory
social cognitive theroy
73
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
antagonists
activation-synthesis
dissociation
tolerance
74
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
low experiential intelligence
belief perseverance
a mental set
divergent thinking
75
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
Schachter two-factor theory
opponent process theory
James-Lange theory
76
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
corpus callosum
medulla oblongata
prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
77
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebral cortex
sensory cortex
medulla
cerebellum
78
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
multiple intelligences
aptitude intelligence
79
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
80
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
humanistic
psychoanalytic
trait
cognitive
81
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
touch
sight
hearing
smell
82
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
83
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
sublimation
displacement
reaction formation
projection
84
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
social
situational
behavioral
85
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and high control
low warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and low control
86
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
biomedical interventions
cognitive-behavioral interventions
talking to a patient
secondary preventions
87
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
traits, the environment, and behavior
id, ego, and superego
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
88
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
correlation study
case study
experiment
naturalistic observation
89
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
reciprocity norm
out-group homogeneity
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
90
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed variable
fixed ratio
continuous
variable interval
91
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
92
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
social psychology
psychometrics
health psychology
positive psychology
93
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
frequency theory
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
94
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
token economies
systematic desensitization
REBT
client-centered therapy
95
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
early 20s
mid 30s
puberty
late 40s
96
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
placebo effect
size of the group
wearing guard uniforms
presence of an authority figure
97
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
confirmation bias
framing effects
representativeness heuristic
inattentional blindness
98
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
achieving physiological homeostasis
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
99
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
the role of the hippocampus in memory
100
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
phallic stage
latency period
anal stage
oral stage
101
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
cognitive
behavioral
evolutionary
psychoanalytic
102
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
rational emotive behavior therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
counterconditioning
103
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
latent learning
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
the law of effect
104
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
compliance strategies
individualism
in-group bias
self-serving bias
105
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random sampling
random assignment
assignment to conditions
representative assignment
106
Jared is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychologist
personality psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
107
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
double blind study
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
counterbalancing
108
Katie sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
109
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
dissociative identity disorder
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
110
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
adrenaline
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
111
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
112
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
proactive interference
brain injury
leading questions
relearning effect
113
A low level of glucose in Owen's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
go for a run
eat a meal
make new friends
pursue a romantic interest
114
Paige's psychiatrist diagnoses her with bipolar disorder. Which medication would she prescribe
lithium
SSRIs
L-Dopa
benzodiazepines
115
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
short-term memory
sensory memory
procedural memory
116
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
117
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
scapegoating
out-group homogeneity
superordinate goals
stereotyping
118
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
amygdala
hypothalamus
cerebellum
medulla
119
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
increasing group polarization within different groups
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
responding to deindividuation among group members
120
Mara slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
instrumental learning
121
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
sublimation
mirror neurons
modeling
latent learning
122
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
long-term potentiation
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
123
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
holobase
phoneme
morpheme
grapheme
124
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
125
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
convergence
closure
retinal disparity
linear perspective
126
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
deindividuation
groupthink
social facilitation
group polarization
127
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
hormones released in the womb
traumatic childhood experiences
masculine/feminine personality traits
parenting style
128
Dana is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. She shows symptoms
autism spectrum disorder
Down syndrome
mental retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
129
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
partial
continuous
primary
secondary
130
When running for class president, Zoe puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
central route persuasion
deindividuation
mere-exposure effect
131
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
clap their hands
say a sentence
cut with a knife
write with a pencil
132
Anna is more alert in the morning; Aedan in the evening. This is because of differences in
sleep cycles
personalities
circadian rhythm
daily activities
133
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
unconditional positive regard
an external locus of control
the Oedipus complex
the self-serving bias
134
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
overconfidence
self-serving bias
hindsight bias
a theory
135
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-serving bias
cognitive dissonance
fundamental attribution error
self-fulfilling prophecy
136
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
137
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
free association
electro-convulsive shock therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
gestalt therapy
138
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
social-cognitive study
developmental study
longitudinal study
cross-sectional study
139
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
difference threshold
sensory adaptation
frequency theory
absolute threshold
140
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychiatrist
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
cognitive psychotherapist
141
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
role theory and dissociation theory
manifest content and latent content
conscious level and non conscious level
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
142
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
transduction of the wave
pitch of the tone
143
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
myelination of brain neurons
secure attachment with parents
early gross motor practice
concrete operational exercises
144
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
panic disorder
145
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
triarchic
standardized
projective
achievement
146
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
conservation
attachment
object permanence
universal ethical principles
147
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
mean
range
standard deviation
median
148
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
internal
situational
fundamental
external
149
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
cognitive
humanistic
psychodynamic
evolutionary
150
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
schizophrenia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality disorder
dissociative identity disorder