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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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1
Montesquieu’s most lasting contribution to political thought was his
identification of natural laws that governed human society.
idea that punishments should be brutal to be effective
theory-government should participate with religious matters.
analysis of the governmental system of checks and balances.
2
Rationalism is the belief that
matter matters.
the human mind is perfect.
reason is the chief source of knowledge.
the human mind is divine.
3
_________ person presented a criticism of the belief that humans were the masters of nature.
Margaret Cavendish
René Descartes
Robert Boyle
Shakespeare
4
Which of the following made it possible for scientists to practice direct observation?
natural philosophers
Greek thinkers
the printing press
the telescope and microscope
5
Newton’s universal law of gravitation could explain all the _____ in the universe.
orbits
motion
planets
stars
6
The American movement to start an independence movement from Britain was due to
failure of colonists to follow British laws.
poor harvests that led to increased taxes.
lack of representation in British parliament.
growing issues of slavery.
7
Who proposed the theory that government was formed to protect our life, liberty, and property?
Winkelmann
Hobbs
Rousseau
Locke
8
Which idea of Baron Montesquieu has been incorporated into the U.S. Constitution?
religious tolerance
economic laissez-faire
social contract
separation of governmental powers
9
To Voltaire and many other philosophes, the universe was
unknowable.
like a clock.
constructed like a flower.
completely under divine control.
10
Which Enlightenment philosophy would most argue against the divine right of kings?
a social contract
female equality
separation of church and state
equal pay
11
Francis Bacon believed that scientists should
develop their own scientific methods.
rely on ancient authorities.
study philosophy.
use reasoning.
12
Scientific research conducted by Robert Boyle affected the field of
biology
physics
medicine
chemistry
13
Which
philosophe
would most likely defend the ideas of freedom of speech?
Wollstonecraft
Voltaire
Hobbs
Montesquieu
14
Who proposed the Enlightenment idea of an economic system of "hands off" and what was it called
Adam Smith- laissez fairre
Thomas Hobbs- laissez fairre
Rousseau- social contract
John Locke- natural rights
15
_____ was a mathematician who showed that the orbits of the planets were elliptical.
Margaret Cavendish
René Descartes
Johannes Kepler
Robert Boyle
16
Francis Bacon’s scientific method used
the wisdom of ancient scientists.
inductive reasoning to find specific truth from basic facts.
deductive reasoning to solve nature’s puzzles.
assumptions that were not observed.
17
Intellectuals of the 1500s and 1600s did not take Margaret Cavendish’s work seriously because
her work was not signed.
she did not believe in rationalism.
she was a woman.
her work was not logical.
18
Why did Descartes decide to set aside everything that he had learned and begin again?
He doubted everything he had learned.
Everything he had learned was wrong.
Science was based on new information only.
There were no science books.
19
Which of the following discoveries was made by Maria Winkleman?
gravity
a comet
heliocentric universe
a black hole
20
According to Rousseau, general will represents what is best for the
aristocratic and middle classes.
peasants and lower classes.
entire community.
government.
21
Copernicus argued that the planets revolved around the _____.
earth
god
sun
celestial bodies
22
Mary Wollstonecraft’s ideas about the rights of women were based on
the idea that women have reason, like men.
the government’s unfair ideas about women’s rights.
the unfairness of women not having the same rights as men.
women need to live the same conditions as men.
23
Diderot’s
Encyclopedia
was used to
overturn capital punishment.
suppress Enlightenment ideas.
attack religious superstition.
support the Catholic Church.
24
Who was the first person to propose the heliocentric theory?
Newton
Bacon
Galileo
Copernicus
25
Voltaire championed the religious philosophy of deism, which was based on
human nature and social conflict.
reason and natural law.
biblical text.
superstition.