Disappearance of a response when a reinforcer is removed

A non-normative event

may occur at any stage of the lifespan

Friendships play an important role in early adulthood because

Supportive friends help in becoming relying less on parents

Which of the following toddlers is engaging in a gross motor skill?

Ed, who is crawling up the stairs on all fours

Theories of human development consistently demonstrate that....

it is a continuing process of growth, consistency and change

Low self-esteem results from a negative self-concept. Self concept consists of:

social roles, individual attitudes and self evaluative ideas

Five year old Bella is an overly aggressive child. What is the first step her parents could do?

Observe how Bella interacts with peers and adults

In terms of the relationship between identity and intimacy, Erikson believed that:

identity had to be developed before establishing intimacy

When they become unemployed, older workers are more likely than younger workers to:

Have negative effects such as severe depression

The Behaviourist (or learning) model of human development claims that

all behaviour is learnt and shaped by the environment

What is the main difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement strengthens, punishment suppresses

The embryonic stage of a pregnancy is

from week two through to week 8

Lifespan development is defined as

the processes for exploring human continuity and change

Domains of developmental "Growth"

refer to physical, cognitive and psychosocial development

A supportive way of nurturing the new mother is to

ensure the mother's own needs for well-being are met

A scheme or schema is

a specific structure or organised pattern of behaviour

18 month old Sally has learned to tell the dog to sit after she see's her Mum training the dog

This is an example of imitation and modelling

Classical conditioning is related to

neutral stimulus leading to a conditioned response

Which of the following infant reflexes are considered to be "survival" reflexes?

breathing reflex, sucking reflex and swallowing reflex

Which of the following best describes sandwich generation?

middle aged adults caught between adjacent generations

All of the following help to maintain good cognitive functioning in later life except

limiting the need to adapt to new circumstances

The "self" is largely a part of our conscious personality. Self identity is:

determined by social and cultural roles we hold in society

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Human relationships and life transitions spring 2018

115 termsStudBud Administration2,390 plays

Practice questions

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Questions 115

Answers

1
Piaget's cognitive development has 4 stages. Which age group is "sensorimotor"?
11 years to adulthood
Birth to 2 years
2-7 years
7-11 years
2
Piaget's "Formal operations" stage includes
Abstract thinking
Symbolic play
Egocentric view of the world
Coordination of sensory and motor activity
3
Extinction refers to
Individuals who are approximately the same age
A domain of human development
Disappearance of a response when a reinforcer is removed
A negative response when punishment is given to a child
4
A non-normative event
may occur at any stage of the lifespan
only occurs in childhood
only occurs in adulthood
only occurs in older age
5
Friendships play an important role in early adulthood because
Friends help in building career networks
Friends are needed to help one meet an intimate other
Most young adults can afford time with friends
Supportive friends help in becoming relying less on parents
6
Which of the following is a stage theory belonging to Erikson?
Industry versus mistrust
Industry versus shame and doubt
Industry versus stagnation
Industry versus inferiority
7
Which of the following toddlers is engaging in a gross motor skill?
Ed, who is crawling up the stairs on all fours
Erica, who is laughing uproariously at a popup book
Nic, who is licking all the melting ice cream off the sides
Angelo, who is methodically examining tiny objects
8
Debate about what shapes our genetic makeup and the extent how we are shaped by our environment
the nature-nature debate
the nature-aspire debate
the novice-nature debate
the nature-nurture debate
9
Children construct sense of self in infancy with ideas of the self based on social categories.
partially true
false
partially false
true
10
Older Australians (65 years and older) prefer to live
In their own homes
In a nursing home
In a retirement centre with access to nursing staff
In hostel accommodation with bathroom facilities
11
Theories of human development consistently demonstrate that....
development is largely active
it is a continuing process of growth, consistency and change
development is consistent across cultures
development is largely passive
12
Low self-esteem results from a negative self-concept. Self concept consists of:
what we think of ourselves only
what others think about us
social roles, individual attitudes and self evaluative ideas
our social position only
13
Erikson's theory and Vaillant's stages are both normative-crisis theories
True
False
14
Incorporation of new information into existing mental frameworks (schemas) is
Assimilation
Attachment
Accommodation
Modelling
15
Five year old Bella is an overly aggressive child. What is the first step her parents could do?
Punish any aggressive behaviour through non-physical means
Observe how Bella interacts with peers and adults
Isolate Bella from other children when she is aggressive
Sketch a plan for the reinforcement of positive behaviours
16
What factor is most important in the development of expertise?
Gender
Age
creativity
Experience
17
The need for relationship closeness begins in
Adolescence
Childhood
Early adulthood
Infancy
18
As one ages, crystallised intelligence is likely to___, while fluid intelligence tends to _____
decrease after adolescence; increase
increase until age forty and then decrease; increase
decrease; remain the same
increase; decrease
19
The part of the brain which governs decision-making and is underdeveloped in adolescents is the
Anterior lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal cortex
Amygdala
20
Parenting style that may result in antisocial and criminal activities due to lack of nurturing?
community parenting
permissive parenting
peer rejection
uninvolved parenting
21
In terms of the relationship between identity and intimacy, Erikson believed that:
intimacy had to be developed before establishing identity
identity had to be developed before establishing intimacy
either identity or intimacy could be developed first
they typically developed simultaneously
22
The approximate age at which women undergo menopause is 45 years
False
True
23
When they become unemployed, older workers are more likely than younger workers to:
Have negative effects such as severe depression
Be satisfactorily reemployed because of experience
Voluntarily take time off before seeking another position
Be hired quickly because of work connections
24
The Behaviourist (or learning) model of human development claims that
all behaviour is biologically determined
behaviour is unconscious processes and the environment
all behaviour is based on unconscious processes
all behaviour is learnt and shaped by the environment
25
What is the main difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Negative adds stimulus, punishment takes away a stimulus
There is no difference between these two concepts
Negative reinforcement strengthens, punishment suppresses
Punishment has physical consequences, negative does not
26
The embryonic stage of a pregnancy is
the moment when a male's sperm cell penetrates a female egg
from week two through to week 8
the duration of the pregnancy
the same as the foetal stage
27
Lifespan development is defined as
the processes for exploring human continuity and change
a process formed before self-concept
starting before birth and continues throughout life
the physical, cognitive and psychosocial development.
28
Domains of developmental "Growth"
can only be achieved when moving from one stage to the next
refer to physical, cognitive and psychosocial development
refer to physical, cognitive and environmental development
starts before birth and continues throughout life
29
Two broad categories of coping are
Emotion-based and control-based
Task-based and stress-based
Task-based and control-based
Emotion-based and task-based
30
Are infants capable of self-recognition and self-awareness?
Yes
No
31
A supportive way of nurturing the new mother is to
give advice about baby development so she can monitor weight
make sure she has all the necessary information for feeding
offer to baby sit
ensure the mother's own needs for well-being are met
32
Operant conditioning uses the principle of
Neutral response
Reinforcement
Stimulus response
Emotional response
33
A normative event of young adulthood would usually be which of the following?
career consolidation
compulsive hoarding
learning difficult mathematical concepts
teenage pregnancy
34
Infants can express emotions such as joy, surprise and anger at approximately which age?
Not before one year of age
Between 4 and 7 months
Between 4 and 24 months
At just over one year old
35
Piaget's cognitive development has 4 stages. Which age group is "concrete operational"?
2-7 years
Birth to 2 years
7-11 years
11 years to adulthood
36
How many stages in Piaget's cognitive development?
10
3
8
4
37
A scheme or schema is
a specific structure or organised pattern of behaviour
a non-specific pattern of behaviour
patterns of behaviour in early childhood
patterns of behaviour in adolescence
38
18 month old Sally has learned to tell the dog to sit after she see's her Mum training the dog
This is an example of increased strength during childhood
This is an example of the strengthening of reflexes
This is an example of imitation and modelling
This is an example of an unconscious conflict
39
Percentage of older adults with Alzhemier's
50-60%
20-30%
10-20%
40-50%
40
Bowlby attachment theory state the emotional ties of the infant to the caregiver assist surival
True
False
41
Classical conditioning is related to
neutral stimulus leading to a conditioned response
negative stimulus leading to a conditioned response
Ainsworth theory
Erikson's stage theories
42
Which of the following is an example of task-based coping?
listening to music
problem-solving
writing an essay
crying
43
Which of the following groups are the most disadvantaged?
Families which are child free voluntarily
Single-parent families
Families with higher levels of education but a basic wage
Families with lower levels of education but a basic wage
44
Which of the following infant reflexes are considered to be "survival" reflexes?
moro reflex, yawning reflex and tonic head reflex
sucking reflex, babinski reflex and grasping reflex
pupillary reflex, eyeblink reflex and stepping reflex
breathing reflex, sucking reflex and swallowing reflex
45
The germinal stage of a pregnancy is
the first two weeks
from week 8 to birth
weeks 3 to 8
conception to birth
46
Which of the following best describes sandwich generation?
middle aged adults caught between adjacent generations
people born before 1975
when children move out of home
people born between 1975-1999
47
All of the following help to maintain good cognitive functioning in later life except
absence of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases
living in favourable circumstances
limiting the need to adapt to new circumstances
personal satisfaction with one's accomplishments
48
In girls, the range of on-set puberty is
Between 13-16 years
At 12 years of age
Between 17-18 years
Between 9-17 years
49
Our self identity often include social group memberships which can define who we are
I don't know
Sometimes
False
True
50
The "self" is largely a part of our conscious personality. Self identity is:
determined by cultural identity only
cognitive structures including social roles and attitudes
determined by social and cultural roles we hold in society
determined by our age and first name
51
A theorist who emphasisied observational learning was
Bandura
Ainsworth
Piaget
Erikson
52
Vygotsky developed the theory of
Attachment
Zone of proximal development
Adult development
Modelling and imitation
53
The idea that objects exist even when hidden, develops in the sensorimotor stage is called
object relevance
symbolic play
peek-a-boo
object permanence
54
The preoperational stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development begins when a child can
tell that 2 things have the same amount , although different
form mental representations of objects and events
group objects into logical categories
apply specific logical operations to answer questions right
55
Personal identity
is formed before self-concept
is formed after self-concept
starts just after birth
starts before birth
56
An Apgar score given to a newborn at birth assesses which of the following?
heart rate, efforts to breathe, muscle tone, skin colour
heart rate and muscle tone
heart rate, efforts to breathe, muscle tone
HR, breathing, muscle tone, skin colour, reflex irritability
57
According to Piaget, a child in the pre-operational stage of child development would be able to
Use language to convey their wishes
Think in an abstract way
Conserve mass and liquids
Multiply and divide
58
Survival reflexes refers to
first observable signs of newborn motor responses
mastery of competence and productivity
reflexes we learn across the lifespan
reflexes learnt during adolescence
59
In Australia and when compared to men, women
Live to approximately the same age as most men
Live longer than men
Live to 79 years
Die earlier than men
60
Piaget's cognitive development has 4 stages. Which age group is "preoperational"?
7-11 years
Birth to 2 years
11 years to adulthood
2-7 years
61
Laid on back, a newborn will turn their head to the side. This is descriptive of what reflex
Babinski reflex
Moro reflex
Tonic neck reflex
Rooting reflex
62
A non-normative event
may occur at any stage of the lifespan
only occurs in older age
only occurs in adulthood
only occurs in childhood
63
Bronfenbenner's mesosystem is
Face to face contact with influential others, eg; family
Settings in which the person does not participate in
Relationships between microsystems eg; home and school
Ideology, social policy, the social contract
64
Piaget's cognitive development has 4 stages. Which age group is "formal operational"?
7-11 years
2-7 years
11 years to adulthood
Birth to 2 years
65
Peer pressure is
Having no influence by peers
The ability to form friendships in early childhood
Influence from member's of one's peer group
Pressure a woman feels during labour
66
Erikson's theory emphasises the importance of which sort of development across the life span?
emotional development
physical development
social (or pyschosocial) development
cognitive development
67
Failure to achieve a sense of intimacy during the early adulthood stage results in a sense of:
isolation
stagnation
depression
despair
68
"Who am I?" a critical question in adolescence. Erikson says this was resolved in the stage of
identity versus role confusion
autonomy versus shame and doubt
industry versus inferiority
trust versus mistrust
69
In pregnancy, the foetal stage is
when the baby is born
nine weeks through to birth
two weeks through to eight weeks
the first two weeks
70
A non-normative event or circumstance would be
something that may differ from minority of people at any age
something that does not differ from normative events
something does that not differ from other people at any age
something that may differ from majority of people at any age
71
Life expectancy refers to
the average period that a person may expect to live
social and environmental expectations
a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
social and cultural expectations
72
Classical Conditioning
is about negative responses
refers to the concept of reinforcement
usually refers to canine behaviour
is associated with stimulus-response
73
School age children can solve abstract, hypothetical problems
False
True
74
Development of trusting relationships with caregivers is a component of which stage theory
Bowlby attachment theory
Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt
Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust
Bandura modelling and imitation
75
Operant conditioning is based on the simple principle of.....
reinforcement
modelling
stimulus-response
imitation
76
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
waking up when an alarm goes off
moving your hand away after touching a hot stove
getting goose bumps when hearing music in a horror movie
salivating while sucking a sour lolly
77
A teenage girl entering puberty at thirteen is an example of a:
normative event
unexpected event
non-normative event
normative and non-normative
78
An early sign of cognitive development in infancy (between 0-1 years) includes
problem solving
reading
searching for lost objects
pretend (or symbolic) play
79
Young preschoolers believe that even inanimate objects are capable of being alive and conscious
False
True
80
The moro reflex usually present in newborns is a response to which of the following
Stroking the newborns cheek
When bottom of foot is stroked
When laid on back, head turns to side
Loud noise, sudden loss of support, a feeling of falling
81
The difference between self-identity and self-concept is
self-concept only includes what we think of ourselves
self-concept is a broader and more complex conceptualisation
self-concept is more limited and what we think of ourselves
There is generally no difference between the two terms.
82
According to Piaget, in what stage do children use symbolic thinking to understand the world?
Preoperational (2-6 yrs)
sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)
concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
formal operational (12+ years)
83
Human development.....
refers to physical, cognitive and psychosocial development
starts before birth and continues throughout life
is formed before self-concept
is a process for exploring human continuity and change
84
Which of the following is considered a stage theory?
the concept of lifelong growth
Erikson's psychosocial theory of development
Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment
domains of physical, cognitive and psychosocial development
85
What is resilience associated with
A sense of weakness
A sense of impulsive behaviours
A sense of coherence, hardiness and positive growth
A sense of belonging
86
Fear of strangers is an abnormal response in infants and toddlers and indicates insecurity
this statement is true
this statement is false
this statement is neither true or false
it depends on the individual child
87
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development refers to
Problems are too hard to solve alone but easier with support
Development of a series of evolved responses
Where problems can be solved alone without support
The zone where mature mechanisms develop
88
Bronfenbenner's microsystem is
face to face contact with influential others-family
employers, local council, legal systems
connections between home, school, workplace, neighbourhood
an ideology , social policy, shared assumptions
89
Infant attachment is the beginning of a process of which sort of development?
sociocultural development
physical development
moral development
social (or psychosocial) development
90
Fluid intelligence is which of the following?
the ability to process old information in novel situations
the ability to process new information in novel situations
the ability to process both old and new information
the ability to remember childhood events
91
Which parental style exerts a high degree of control but is responsive to the child's feelings?
Permissive
Uninvolved
Authoritarian
Authoritative
92
Which of the following statements about self-concept is true?
begins at birth by recognising familiar sights and smells
develops in adolescence as children gain more independence
begins in infancy with self-recognition and being separate
begins in childhood through self-awareness and play
93
Micro level in Brofenbenner's ecological systems theory would include which of the following?
Judge who grants a request for a child to be placed in care
Social worker who works with children in custody matters
The parental relationship
The society's belief that social media is here to stay
94
What is meant by the term "empty nest"?
when children move out of home
when a person experiences feeling's of despair
when a person reaches the stagnation stage
when adults move out of home
95
Infertility is
the stage of pregnancy after fertilization
inability to conceive or carry a pregnancy after 12 months
being able to conceive
being unfaithful
96
Selected landmarks of infancy (0-1 year) includes
sitting unassisted , crawling, standing and walking
walking, standing, reaching and grasping objects
climbing stairs, throwing balls, simple drawings and writing
bike riding, skillful throwing, standing and using startle
97
Theorist Bandura proposed...
Adult development
Zone of proximal development
Modelling and imitation
Attachment theory
98
Process a child uses to modify existing schemas when exposed to new information is called
assimilation
schema building
accommodation
compensation
99
Which aspects of development are all directly affected by early social interactions?
language, attachment, cognitive achievements, emotional
language, auditory perception, emotional regulation, visual
language, attachment, auditory perception, emotional
language, auditory perception, emotional, visual perception
100
How many stages are there in Erikson's psychosocial stages?
8
6
4
7
101
Multi infarct dementia accounts for what percentage of organic brain syndrome in adults
50-60%
30-40%
10-20%
20-30%
102
According to Erikson, intimacy versus isolation occurs between what ages?
20's and 30's (early adulthood)
40's to 60's (middle adulthood)
60's onwards (old age)
7-11 years (latency period)
103
A foetus can be described as
an unborn child
an infant
a zygote
a baby
104
Any substance which can potentially harm a pregnant women's foetus at any stage of pregnancy
teratogen
the germinal phase
toxoplasmosis
organogensis
105
How many levels does Bronfenbrenners's ecological system have?
3
6
4
5
106
Development of the self begins with
self-awareness and self-recognition pre-birth
self-recognition in infancy
self-awareness in childhood
attachment to grandparents
107
By the second year of life a securely attached child will have developed a basic sense of
industry and inferiority
autonomy and guilt
trust versus mistrust
identity
108
All of the following are representative of developmental growth during adolescence except
Puberty
Peak of strength and speed
Some abstract thinking
First job
109
Which of the following describes the Babinski reflex?
when there's a loud noise, the infant has a startle response
when the sole of foot is stroked, the toes fan and curl
when held upright, the infant lifts leg in a stepping motion
when the cheek is stroked the infant turns in that direction
110
According to Piaget, a child in the pre-operational stage of child development would be able to
Think in an abstract way
Conserve mass and liquids
Multiply and divide
Use language to convey their wishes
111
According to Bowlby infants form specific, clear cut attachments at which of the following ages
2-7 months old
over 3 years old
7-24 months old
birth to 2 months old
112
As children we learn social skills through interactions with others. These may be learned from
older siblings
extended family
older peers
parents, caregivers, siblings and peers
113
Three patterns of attachment observed in strange situations are
secure attachment, insecure attachment, anxious attachment
secure attachment, anxious-resistant, anxious avoidant
secure attachment, attached and detached attachment
insecure, attached and detached attachment
114
Spouse's place of work and local government are part of Bronfenbenner's exosystem
True
False
115
Approximately what age can an infant roll from stomach to back or side and pull up with help
birth to three months
over 12 months
three to six months
nine to twelve months

Human relationships and life transitions spring 2018 Flashcards | StudBud