If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...

the other boy started it and he was defending himself

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

What is cognitive dissonance?

a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions

According to the medical model...

abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease

In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...

were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger

A perceptual set implies that...

people often see what they expect to see

studbud

Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration71 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

Flashcards150 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 150

Answers

1
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
episodic
crystallized
fluid
2
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
3
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scores
test norms
test scales
4
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
5
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
stimulus discrimination
selection
step-wise conditioning
6
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
7
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
8
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
content
criterion-related
9
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
pathogens
prenatals
teratogens
10
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
11
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
compensation
fixation
regression
12
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-up processing
13
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
encoded
retrieved
ablated
14
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
alpha
delta
beta
15
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
16
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
17
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
marijuana
mescaline
cocaine
18
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
19
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
vitreous humor
cornea
lens
20
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
21
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Rene Decartes
22
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
23
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
24
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
midpoint
mode
mean
25
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
mentalism
cognition
intelligence
26
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
27
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
consciousness
hypnosis
perception
28
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
29
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
30
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
tone
light
food/meat powder
31
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
concrete
conventional
postconventional
32
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
33
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
unipolar
bipolar
dissociative
34
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
cochlea
stirrup
temporal lobe
35
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
tumor ligation
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
36
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
parental investments
display rules
investment differentiations
37
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
38
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the conscious
39
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
constancy
similiarity
closure
40
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
script
chunk
semantic network
41
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
42
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
43
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
44
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
45
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
platonic
phonemic
morphemic
46
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
musical
spatial
47
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender differences
48
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
49
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
50
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
overextension
51
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
52
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
53
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
54
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
extinction
55
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
observational learning
56
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
57
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
attachment probing
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
58
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
59
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
60
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
61
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
62
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
rabbit
63
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
64
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
physiological instability
65
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
tree-bird
fill-feed
car-nose
66
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
REM
stage 1
stage 2
67
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
68
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
means
standard deviation
69
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
low in openness
70
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
pressure
frustration
change
71
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
memory
72
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
73
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
74
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
gonads
thyroid
75
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
76
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
77
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
78
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
79
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
80
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
reiteration
relearning
recall
81
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
82
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
83
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
sensory
intermediate-term
short-term
84
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
85
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
86
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
87
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
physiological recordings
direct observation
questionnaires
88
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the observational group
the control group
the correlational group
89
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
deindividuation
group polarization
conformity
90
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
91
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a sedative
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
92
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
sciatic receptors
93
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
94
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
pitch
timbre
95
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
conservation
centration
96
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
97
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
98
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
99
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
100
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
101
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
102
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
mood
personality
anxiety
103
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
104
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
pineal gland
thalamus
105
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
106
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
107
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
108
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
sensation
processing
perception
109
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
110
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
psychoanalytic
111
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
112
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
escape learning
113
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
114
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
action potentials
neurotransmitters
antagonists
115
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
a potential score
mental age
IQ
116
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
reasoning
insight
creativity
117
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
118
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
119
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
120
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
121
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
122
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
123
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
repression
124
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
125
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
126
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
127
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
128
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
129
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
light purity
color
brightness
130
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
medulla
131
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
consistency
predictability
representativeness
132
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
a headache
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
133
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
personality
behavioral quality
134
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
135
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
marital problems
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
136
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
collectivism
individualism
attributionism
137
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
delusions
hallucinations
obsessions
138
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
139
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
140
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
141
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
thalamus
location of injury
spinal cord
142
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
143
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
happiness
fear
144
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
oral
anal
genital
145
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
146
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
147
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
a compulsion
148
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the brain
the unconscious
149
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
150
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
limbic system

Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud