Midtern review of European History Spring2021

Kepler published ___ Laws of Planetary Motion

Amerigo _____________ was the first person to realize that North and South America were NOT ASIA!

Mercantilist economic policy, popular in the 1600s, favored gold and silver, and low tariffs

John ______ of Venice explored the coast of New England under Henry VII

_________ art and architecture and Dutch Realism flourished in the 17th century

The French king Louis XIV tried to stop the spread of Calvinism by persecuting the

____ _______ was called the "Father of Modern Rationalism" and said "I think, therefore I am"

___________, looking for a sea passage to the East Indies, became the first person to circumnavigate the globe

____________ Social Contract attempted to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority

____ _____, a French reformer, agreed with Luther, but focused on his own ideas on predestination and church discipline

After Cromwell's oppressive rule, the English were happy to invite ________ to the throne in 1660

Early civilizations in Meso-America were the Mayans, the Aztecs, and the _________

Martin Luther rediscovered the truth that justification is by faith alone, and the Bible is our sole authority

England's Henry VIII wanted to divorce wife, but when blocked by the pope he broke with the ___________ ________

Peter the Great tried to Europeanize Russia's culture by personally cutting off men's beards and shortening their coats

The _______, microscope, printing press were the inventions most furthering knowledge during the Scientific Revolution

The 2 most important Classical composers (1750-1830) were Mozart and Hadyn

A new Puritan Commonwealth took over England's government after Charles I's death, run by _______ ________

The separatist group called the __________ founded Plymouth Plantation in 1620

_____ ________ published his 3 Laws of Motion and Universal Law of Gravity in "Principia"

The vast Aztec Empire in Mexico and Central America was brought down by Cortes and ___________

In the 16th and 17th centuries, over 100,000 people in Europe were prosecuted for _______________

on October 12 1492 __________ reached the Bahamas, with his 3 ships-the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria

The Habsburgs were the Catholic family that ruled the Holy Roman Empire for centuries

___________ crossed the Isthmus of Panama on foot in 1513, seeing the Pacific Ocean from the Americas

Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton all believed that "the secrets of nature were written in the language of math"

The 30 Years' War was the last of the religious wars, pitting militant Catholics against militant _________

________ of England was executed in 1649

On Caribbean islands the native populations were wiped out by European diseases and mistreatment on plantations

"Sun King" Louis XIV, of the House of _________, aspired to be an absolute monarch

In 1 year on the Caribbean island of St Dominique, 3000 plantation produced 100,000 tons of sugar, using 500,000 slaves

Martin Luther's prince had 19,000 relics, that would supposedly reduce his time in purgatory by 2 million years

During the Enlightenment, __________sought to popularize the ideas of the Scientific Revolution in Salons in Paris

________ was a Deist, the belief that God is the mechanic that created this "world machine" and set it in motion

Newton believed that God "acted as the force that moved all bodies on the basis of the forces that He had created"

The first permanent settlement in North America was __________, founded in 1607

In 1881 the Portuguese brought back the first cargo of African slaves to Europe

Some explorers were motivated by tales of great riches, spawning the motto, "God, glory, and _____"

Ptolemaic _________ was refuted by Copernicus' work on heliocentrism

The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Italy

Most techniques of Baroque musical style (1600-1750) were perfected by 2 composers - ________ and ________

_____________ _______, friend of Erasmus, wrote "Utopia" and was martyred for opposing Henry VIII's divorce

Henry VIII's catholic daughter, "Bloody Mary", had many _____________ executed

Political philosopher John Locke argued that men had, "certain inalienable rights, to life, liberty, and property"

_____ ____ ________ was the first Russian ruler to take the title of "Tsar" (Caesar)

_______ _______ sought to keep religion and science united, and proposed _________ Wager

Elizabeth I, Bloody Mary's sister, ruled with religious tolerance, and defended England from the __________ _________

The Medieval Catholic Church allowed scientists to only follow the ideas of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen

Galileo was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a ___________

The great scientists of the 17th century believed that their works exalted God, but the Philosophes rejected _________

_________ explained the idea of the separation of powers in government, also used by the American Founding Fathers

By the 17th century ___________ became the commercial and financial capital of Europe

Marco Polo and his father and uncle travelled overland to the Mongolian Court of Kublai Khan in AD 1271

________ __________ helped codify the English language, that was still in transition to modern English

The Society of Friends (Quakers) began to criticize the slave trade in Italy in the 1770s

Economist ____ ______, author of "Wealth of Nations", was called the "Father of modern capitalism"

Over _________ African slaves were shipped to the Americas between 1500 and 1850

___________, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, became the 1st Stuart king of England in 1603, after the death of Elizabeth I

Prince Henry of __________ opened a school for navigation, motivated by a desire to spread the Gospel