Why do the planets in our solar system have a layered internal structure?

Each planet is composed of materials ofdifferent densities.

The Mariana Trench was most likely created by the

convergence of the Pacific and PhilippinePlates

Antarctica’s location and climate changed over the last 200 million years because it moved

southward, resulting in a colder climate

The formation of soil is primarily the result of

weathering and biological activity

For weeks after a series of major volcanic eruptions,Earth’s surface air temperatures are often

cooler because ash and dust decreaseatmospheric transparency

In which sequence are the items listed from least total mass to greatest total mass?

solar system, Milky Way, universe

Which event is cyclic and predictable?

Jupiter’s apparent movement across the nightsky

Deforestation increases the greenhouse effect because it causes the atmosphere to contain

more carbon dioxide, which absorbs infraredradiation

In the Northern Hemisphere, planetary winds deflect to the

right, due to the Coriolis effect

Which change would cause a decrease in the amount of insolation absorbed at Earth’s surface?

a decrease in atmospheric transparency

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Regents Review

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Complete review of the Earth Science Regents Exam using actual Regents questions and answers.

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Questions 100

Answers

1
Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets have
smaller diameters
greater average densities
slower rates of rotation
longer periods of revolution
2
Which property is most useful in distinguishing yroxene from amphibole?
type of luster
hardness
sample size
angle of cleavage
3
On which day of the year was this path observed?
March 21st
June 21st
September 21st
December 21st
4
By which process do plants add water vapor to the atmosphere?
transpiration
precipitation
condensation
evaporation
5
How many days are needed for the Moon to go from one full Moon to the next full Moon?
24
27.3
29.5
365
6
At which latitude is the Sun directly overhead on certain days of the year?
23.5° N
66.5° N
42° N
90° N
7
Why do the planets in our solar system have a layered internal structure?
The Sun exerts a gravitational force on theplanets.
Each planet is composed of materials ofdifferent densities.
Cosmic dust settled in layers on the planets’surfaces.
All planets cooled rapidly after they formed.
8
At which location is the altitude of Polaris approximately 42°?
Elmira
Niagra Falls
Watertown
Messana
9
Cloud formation is likely to occur in rising air because rising air
expands and warms
contracts and warms
expands and cools
contracts and cools
10
Which object forms by the contraction of a large sphere of gases causing the nuclear fusion?
comet
moon
planet
star
11
Which object forms by the contraction of a large sphere of gases causing the nuclear fusion?
comet
star
moon
planet
12
Earth’s inner core is inferred to be solid based on the analysis of
magnetic pole reversals
radioactive decay rates
seismic waves
crustal rocks
13
The Mariana Trench was most likely created by the
divergence of the Eurasian and PhilippinePlates
sliding of the Pacific Plate past the NorthAmerican Plate
movement of the Pacific Plate over theHawaii Hot Spot
convergence of the Pacific and PhilippinePlates
14
Antarctica’s location and climate changed over the last 200 million years because it moved
northward, resulting in a colder climate
southward, resulting in a colder climate
southward, resulting in a warmer climate
northward, resulting in a warmer climate
15
The formation of soil is primarily the result of
stream erosion and mass movement
precipitation and wind erosion
weathering and biological activity
stream deposition and runoff
16
In which two zones of the atmosphere does the temperature increase with increasing altitude?
stratosphere and thermosphere
troposphere and stratosphere
mesosphere and thermosphere
troposphere and mesosphere
17
For weeks after a series of major volcanic eruptions,Earth’s surface air temperatures are often
cooler because ash and dust increaseatmospheric transparency
cooler because ash and dust decreaseatmospheric transparency
warmer because ash and dust increaseatmospheric transparency
warmer because ash and dust decreaseatmospheric transparency
18
If an observer on Earth views Polaris on the horizon, the observer is located at the
North Pole (90° N)
Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S)
equator (0°)
Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N)
19
Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is
more dense and more felsic
less dense and more felsic
more dense and more mafic
less dense and more mafic
20
What time of day and season are represented by the diagram?
early morning in summer
late afternoon in winter
early morning in winter
late afternoon in summer
21
In which sequence are the items listed from least total mass to greatest total mass?
Milky Way, solar system, universe
Milky Way, universe, solar system
solar system, Milky Way, universe
universe, Milky Way, solar system
22
Air pressure is usually highest when the air is
cool and dry
warm and dry
warm and humid
cool and humid
23
Near which two latitudes are most of Earth’s major deserts located?
30° S and 60° S
30° S and 30° S
0° and 90° N
60° S and 60° S
24
At which Earth surface locations is this process usually the most dominant type of erosion?
glaciers and moraines
deserts and beaches
mountain peaks and escarpments
deserts and beaches
25
Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz?
silfuric acid
window glass
plaster of paris
pencil lead
26
Which event is cyclic and predictable?
an earthquake occurring at the San AndreasFault
Jupiter’s apparent movement across the nightsky
a volcano erupting above a subductingtectonic plate
an asteroid striking Earth’s surface
27
Which property is most useful in distinguishing pyroxene from amphibole?
sample size
type of luster
hardness
angle of cleavage
28
The boulder was most likely moved to this location by
volcanic eruptions
glacial ice
running water
prevailin winds
29
Deforestation increases the greenhouse effect because it causes the atmosphere to contain
more carbon dioxide, which absorbs infraredradiation
more oxygen, which absorbs infrared radiation
less carbon dioxide, which absorbs short-waveradiation
less oxygen, which absorbs short-wave radiation
30
During which process does water gain the most heat energy?
melting
freezing
condensation
evaporation
31
Which air mass is associated with low relative humidity and high air temperature?
maritime polar
maritime tropical
continental tropical
continental polar
32
Most of the electromagnetic energy radiated from Earth’s surface is in the form of
ultraviolet rays
x rays
gamma rays
infrared rays
33
Which agent of erosion most likely formed the drumlins and finger lakes in New York State?
moving ice
mass movement
running water
wave action
34
Which season is beginning in the Northern Hemisphere?
winter
fall
summer
spring
35
Oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust because oceanic crust is made of rock that has
low density and is mafic
high density and is mafic
low density and is felsic
high density and is felsic
36
During which month does the Sun appear to rise north of east for an observer in New York State?
January
July
June
December
37
Which arrow represents the process of transpiration?
C
D
A
B
38
In the Northern Hemisphere, planetary winds deflect to the
left, due to the Coriolis effect
right, due to the Doppler effect
right, due to the Coriolis effect
left, due to the Doppler effect
39
What is the approximate percent of oxygen by volume present in Earth’s lower atmosphere?
21%
46%
94%
33%
40
Most insolation striking a smooth, light-colored,solid surface is
refracted
transmitted
reflected
absorbed
41
Most sandstone bedrock is composed of sediment that was
unsorted and layered
unsorted and not layered
sorted by size and layered
sorted by size and not layered
42
What is the dewpoint when the dry bulb temperature is 24°C and the wet-bulb temperature is 21°?
20°C
16°C
18°C
21°C
43
What is this observer’s latitude?
52° N
38° S
52° S
38° N
44
Which gas in Earth’s upper atmosphere absorbs large amounts ofultraviolet radiation?
nitrogen
water vapor
methane
ozone
45
Which cold ocean current affects the climate ofthe northeastern coast of North America?
North Atlantic
Gulf Stream
Labrador
Canaries
46
Most of the air in the lower troposphere at the equatorial low-pressure belt is
cool, dry, and sinking
cool, moist, and sinking
warm, moist, and rising
warm, dry, and rising
47
Which mineral is commonly used as a food additive?
halite
calcite
talc
flourite
48
Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?
gamma rays
ultraviolet
visible light
radio waves
49
What is the dewpoint if the relative humidity is100% and the air temperature is 20°C?
20°C
0°C
10°C
100°C
50
Which change would cause a decrease in the amount of insolation absorbed at Earth’s surface?
an increase in the duration of daylight
a decrease in atmospheric transparency
an increase in nitrogen gas
a decrease in cloud cover
51
Cosmic background radiation provides direct evidence for the origin of
Earth's earliest atmospher
the universe
the Earth's ozone layer
our solar system
52
Evidence that the universe is expanding is best provided by the
spiral shape of the Milky Way Galaxy
red shift in the light from distant galaxies
parallelism of Earth’s axis in orbit
change in the swing direction of a Foucaultpendulum on Earth
53
Soil that contains large quantities of calcium was most likely formed by the weathering of
rock salt
halite
limestone
quartzite
54
What are the dominant processes occurring at locations A and B?
erosion at location A; deposition at location B
erosion at both locations A and B
deposition at both locations A and B
deposition at location A; erosion at location B
55
Sediments found in glacial moraines are best described as
unsorted and layered
sorted and layered
sorted and not layered
unsorted and not layered
56
Which erosional agent most likely piled the silt against these buildings?
glacial ice
wind
mass movement
wave action
57
How many degrees does the Sun appear to move across the sky in four hours?
15°
60°
4°
45°
58
An increase in which gas in the atmosphere will significantly increase global temperatures?
methane
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
59
Which type of surface will most likely absorb the greatest amount of incoming solar radiation?
smooth, dark-colored surface
rough, light-colored surface
smooth, light-colored surface
rough, dark-colored surface
60
The gases in Earth’s early atmosphere are inferred to have come primarily from
volcanic eruptions
evaporation of seawater
melting of glacial ice
meteor showers
61
What controls the direction of movement of most surface ocean currents?
prevailing winds
density differences at various ocean depths
seismic activity
varying salt content in the ocean
62
Earth’s geologic units of time called eons, eras, periods, and epochs are based on
climatic changes
seismic data
absolute dating techniques
fossil evidence
63
Which radioactive element is used to determine the age of late Pleistocene animal remains?
rubidium-87
potassium-40
carbon-14
uranium-238
64
From Utica, New York, Polaris is observed at an altitude of approximately
47°
75°
90°
43°
65
Which arrow represents the process of transpiration?
A
D
C
B
66
Which combination of climate factors generally results in the coldest temperatures?
low elevation and low latitude
high elevation and high latitude
low elevation and high latitude
high elevation and low latitude
67
How old is a fossil that has radioactively decayed through 4 half-lives of carbon-14?
28,500 years
17,100 years
5,700 years
22,800 years
68
To a observer on Earth, how many degrees do the stars appear to move around Polaris in 3 hours?
15°
3°
45°
60°
69
In New York, the risk of sunburn is greatest between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. on summer days because
the air temperature is hot
the Sun is closest to Earth
Earth’s surface reflects most of the sunlight
the angle of insolation is high
70
During a heavy rainstorm, runoff is most likely to occur if the surface soil is
covered by trees, shrubs, and grasses
firmly packed clay-sized particles
unsaturated and has a gentle slope
loosely packed sand-sized particles
71
Which motion is responsible for the seasonal changes of the constellations visible in the sky?
The stars orbit the Sun
The Moon orbits Earth
Earth orbits the Sun
The stars orbit Earth
72
Oxygen is the most abundant element by volumein Earth’s
hydrosphere
troposphere
inner core
crust
73
According to these data, most of theseearthquakes occurred within Earth’s
lithosphere
asthenosphere
stiffer mantle
outer core
74
Which two processes lead directly to the formation of both breccia and conglomerate?
heat and pressure
compaction and cementation
evaporation and precipitation
melting and solidification
75
To a observer on Earth, how many degrees do the stars appear to move around Polaris in 3 hours?
3°
45°
60°
15°
76
Which igneous rock has a vesicular texture and a felsic composition?
granite
scoria
basalt
pumice
77
The Coriolis effect is a result of Earth’s
rotation
tilted axis
orbital shape
revolution
78
Which characteristic would remain constant when a limestone cobble is subjected to abrasion?
volume
mass
composition
shape
79
What does a red shift in light from distant celestial objects indicate to a scientist on Earth?
The universe appears to be expanding.
The gravitational force on Earth changes.
Galaxies are becoming more numerous
The Jovian planets are aligned with the Sun.
80
Which event in Earth’s history was dependent on the development of a certain type of life-form?
filling of the oceans by precipitation
formation of clastic sedimentary rocks
movement of tectonic plates
addition of free oxygen to Earth’s atmosphere
81
Which weather variable is measured by a barometer?
air pressure
dewpoint
wind speed
visibility
82
Deposition within a meandering stream usuallyoccurs on the inside of the curves because the
water is deeper
stream is narrower
water velocity decreases
stream gradient increases
83
During which Northern Hemisphere season is Earth closest to the Sun?
autumn
summer
spring
winter
84
The Foucault pendulum provides evidence of Earth’s
rotation on its axis in a heliocentric solar system
rotation on its axis in a geocentric solar system
revolution around the Sun in a geocentricsolar system
revolution around the Sun in a heliocentricsolar system
85
Most rocks that form from fragmental rock particles are classified as
intrusive igneous
chemical sedimentary
extrusive igneous
clastic sedimentary
86
New York's generalized landscape regions are identified primarily on the basis of elevation and
geologic age
climate zones
bedrock structure
latitude
87
Which gas became part of Earth’s atmospheremainly as a result of the evolution of life-forms?
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
helium
88
Which event is cyclic and predictable?
a volcano erupting above a subductingtectonic plate
an earthquake occurring at the San AndreasFault
Jupiter’s apparent movement across the nightsky
an asteroid striking Earth’s surface
89
Which sediment is most easily picked up and transported by the wind?
sand
pebbles
silt
cobbles
90
Which process led to thick salt deposits found in the bedrock at locations in New York State?
evaporation
condensation
runoff
melting
91
An air mass classified as cT usually forms over which type of Earth surface?
warm water
cool land
warm land
cool water
92
Which agent of erosion most likely produced this valley’s shape?
flowing water
moving ice
blowing wind
wave action
93
The modern heliocentric model of planetary motion states that the planets travel around
the Sun in circular orbits
Earth in circular orbits
Earth in slightly elliptical orbits
the Sun in slightly elliptical orbits
94
Which mineral is the major component of drywall?
calcite
muscovite mica
selenite gypsum
talc
95
The least amount of surface water runoff will occur when soil pore spaces are
saturated and the slope is gentle
saturated and the slope is steep
unsaturated and the slope is gentle
unsaturated and the slope is steep
96
It is inferred that some mass extinctions occurred because of
solar eclipses
asteroid impacts
tsunamis
earthquakes
97
The basaltic bedrock of the oceanic crust is classified as
felsic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm3
felsic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm3
mafic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm3
mafic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm3
98
The Sun revolves around the center of
the Milky Way
Polaris
Aldebaran
Earth
99
What are the dewpoint and wind direction shown on the station model below?
72°F and wind from the northeast
74°F and wind from the northwest
74°F and wind from the southwest
72°F and wind from the southeast
100
Which soil characteristic allows greater amounts of water retention?
low density particles
small-size particles
high-density particles
large-size particles

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