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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
the brain
2
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
delusions
hallucinations
illusions
3
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
4
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
5
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
6
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
7
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
8
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
9
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
10
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
11
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
concrete
postconventional
preconventional
12
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
13
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
cultural practices
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
14
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
been dreaming
not been dreaming
a headache
15
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
happiness
sadness
fear
16
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
17
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
18
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
punishment
operant conditioning
observational learning
19
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
investment differentiations
parental investments
social scripts
20
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
21
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
reticular formation
22
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
anxiety
schizophrenic
personality
23
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
drive theory
24
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
loud noise
fear reaction
rabbit
25
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
fear the dark
print letters
tie shoe laces
26
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
27
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
28
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
29
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
alpha
beta
gamma
30
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
31
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
32
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
33
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
34
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
observational learning
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
35
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
36
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
reiteration
relearning
recall
37
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
cookie
give cookie
38
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
schematizing
39
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
40
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
41
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
42
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
43
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
44
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
45
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
46
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
47
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
48
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
compensation
regression
49
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
episodic
fluid
crystallized
50
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
51
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
representativeness
accuracy of inference
predictability
52
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
observational learning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
53
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
fugue
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
54
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
55
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
physical interaction
56
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
57
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
58
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
59
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
60
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
prenatals
pathogens
61
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
marital problems
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
62
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test scales
test norms
test levels
63
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
64
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender roles
65
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
sedatives
narcotics
cannabis
66
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
sensory
short-term
intermediate-term
67
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
68
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
brightness
saturation
light purity
69
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
chunk
semantic network
70
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
71
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
72
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
latency
genital
oral
73
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
74
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
subliminal perception
75
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 2
stage 4
REM
76
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
cognitive
behavioral
humanistic
77
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
perception
consciousness
hypnosis
78
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
light
salivation
tone
79
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
80
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
change
conflict
pressure
81
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
82
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a sedative
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
83
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
84
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
platonic
morphemic
phonemic
85
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
86
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
87
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
conformity
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
88
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
89
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
90
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
egocentrism
centration
conservation
91
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
phonemes
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
92
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
marijuana
heroin
cocaine
93
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
timbre
pitch
94
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
95
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
96
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
97
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
extinction
98
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
self-serving bias
prejudices
stereotypes
99
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
cochlea
100
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
unipolar
dissociative
cyclical
101
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete storage failure
102
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
behavioral quality
personality
temperament
103
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
104
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
105
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
106
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
iris
cornea
vitreous humor
107
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
108
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
introspection
cognition
109
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
110
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
111
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
112
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
113
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
114
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
selection
115
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
116
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
117
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
creativity
reasoning
insight
118
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
119
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
shared inhibition
strange situation
secure-avoidant
120
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
121
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
means
correlation coefficients
percentiles
122
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
123
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
124
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
social loafing
conformity
deindividuation
125
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
encoded
ablated
modeled
126
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
sciatic receptors
127
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
memory
128
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
median
midpoint
mean
129
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
an achievement test
130
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
neodynamism
behaviorism
131
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
endorphin
dopamine
acetylcholine
132
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
musical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
133
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
134
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
135
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
136
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
perception
attention
processing
137
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
symmetry
constancy
138
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
a percentile score
IQ
mental age
139
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
140
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a phobia
an obsession
a delusion
141
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
spinal cord
cortex
location of injury
142
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
143
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
144
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
functionalism
collectivism
individualism
145
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
sequential
cross-sectional
time of testing
146
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
147
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
construct
absolute
148
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
repression
suppression
149
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
150
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
