Sociology: Chapters 1-4 (Exam Review)

The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources.

The first stage of human cognitive development, in which a child's awareness is dominated by perception and touch

An approach that attempts to explain behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles.

George H. Cooley proposed that the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves

People's need to interact with other's in their presence.

The process whereby individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate that they are aware of the other's presence.

According to this view, material, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical social change.

The belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress.

The social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole.

The social process through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

The scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies.

The firsthand study of people using observation, in- depth interviewing, or both. Also called "fieldwork".

This American philosopher and sociologist gave attention to the use of the concepts of "I" and "me".

One of the most distinctive features of human beings compared with other animals is ______.

Enables a researcher to test a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions established by the investigator.

George Herbert Mead emphasized the role of symbols and language as core elements of human interaction.

Human thought processes involving perception, reasoning and remembering.

Cultural groups within a wider society that largely reject the values and norms of the majority.

The functions of a particular social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity

Difficulties that are located in individual biographies, a private experience.

The study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-to-day social interaction.

Described several distinct stages of cognitive development.

Preparing for the presentation of one's social role.

According to Auguste Comte, what is the proper role of sociology?

The ability to think, act, and make choices independently.

This German philosopher argued that class struggles were what led to historical progress and development.

Shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups.

Theorists, such as, Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, compared societies to the workings of the human body.

The process by which we act with and react to those around us.

When members of one cultural group borrow elements of another group's culture

A functionalist theory of aging that maintains that busy, engaged people are more likely to lead fulfilling lives

After working out a design, what is the next step of the sociological research process?

Who coined the term double consciousness to refer to the African American experience?

The aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals.

The stage of cognitive development, in which the child's thinking is based primarily on physical perception of the world

The French philosopher who invented the word sociology.

Widely agreed-upon principles or rules people are expected to observe. The dos and don'ts of social life.

The practice of judging a culture by its own standards.

Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad.

Sociology can be considered a science because it does which of the following?

Functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur.

The study of large-scale groups, organizations, social systems.

A perspective based on the assumption that the aging process is shaped by historical time and place.

Questions that sociologists pose when looking at the origins and path of development of social institutions.

This German sociologist sought to explain social change and emphasized the importance of culture and ideas.

Cultural groups within a wider society that hold values and norms distinct from those of the majority.

A system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts.

A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community.

The physical objects that individuals in society create. These objects in turn, influence how we live.

A method of sociological research in which questionnaires are administered to the population being studied.

The study of human behavior in contexts of face-to- face interaction.

A feeling of aimless despair provoked by modern social life.

The second stage of human cognitive development, in which a child has advanced to master basic modes of logical thought

Seemingly involuntary exclamations individuals make when being taken by surprise.

The process whereby the investigator informs potential participants about the risks and benefits involved in the study.

Which phrase best represents the beliefs of Herbert Spencer?

Questions that raise issues concerning matters of fact.

Turned a sociological eye on previously ignored issues, such as, marriage, children, religious life, and race relations.

The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media and family.

What is the key difference between pastoral and agrarian societies?

What role do theoretical questions play in research?

The language that we use influences our perceptions of the world.

The application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions.

The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture and thereby represent them.

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories.

What is the sociological imagination?

The economic, political, and social interconnectedness of individuals throughout the world.

Emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the experiences of women.

Awareness of one's distinct social identity as a person separate from others.

Emphasizes the role of political and economic power and oppression as contributing to the existing social order.