Period 4 vocabulary review

European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the scientific method.

Mughal emperor (r. 1658–1707) who reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance

English biologist (1809–1882) who developed the theory of natural selection

Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia

Edict issued that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants

The Protestant minority in France.

Literally, “mixed”; used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies

The tribute of boy children that the Ottomans levied from their Christian subjects

City that developed high in the Andes at the site of the world’s largest silver mine

Fought between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia

Portuguese mariner who was the first to circumnavigate the globe (1519–1521)

A pass that the Portuguese required for ships to trade in the Indian Ocean.

The journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.

Native American people of northeastern North America heavily involved in the fur trade.

English natural scientist (1643–1727) who developed the law of universal gravitation.

The term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain

Schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the priest Martin Luther

Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.

German philosopher who viewed  human history as a class struggle.

Astronomer (1473–1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.

Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792)

An economic theory that stresses exports and accumulating bullion to build national wealth

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.

Astronomer who further developed the ideas of Copernicus; supported the heliocentric view.

Russia’s great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia

One of the most successful empires of India, founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526

François-Marie Arouet, whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning

Founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam

Hindu movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, and rituals

The Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.