What is the Grandmother Hypothesis?

Grandkids' survivorship increases

What is the founder effect?

Small group forms new population

Decline in fertility and survivorship over time

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Exploring Speciation + Final exam

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1
What percentage of organisms are extinct?
98%
75%
>98%
50%
2
What does Ld stand for in genetics?
Linear dominance
Locus distribution
Linkage disequilibrium
Locus diversity
3
What is the significance of the HLA region?
Involves immune response
Only related to diseases
Controls blood type
Affects skin color
4
True or false: SNPs are the only genetic markers used.
False
True
5
True or false: Selection operates on all genetic variation.
False
True
6
What is the teaching triangle in human evolution?
Language, tools, culture
Hunting, gathering, farming
Socializing, playing, teaching
Bipedalism, sweating, running
7
Which is NOT a major extinction event?
Jurassic
Precambrian
Cambrian
Devonian
8
True or false: Non-random mating is an evolutionary force.
True
False
9
What is the main focus of historical biology?
Genetic analysis
Current evolution
Past events inference
Natural selection
10
What does nakedness in humans signify?
Social status
Lack of fur
Evolutionary failure
Adaptation to climate
11
What is a source of iridium?
Volcanic ash
Plant decay
Meteor impacts
Ocean sediments
12
What does the term 'teleology' refer to?
Random chance
Function and purpose
Natural selection
Genetic variation
13
how does aging occur?
Inclusive fitness
Late acting variants
senescences
accumulated damage to cells
14
What is the significance of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2)?
Regulates embryo growth
Increases lifespan
Controls metabolism
Aids in digestion
15
What is the main focus of life history evolution?
Demographics and reproduction
Genetic mutations
Environmental changes
Species classification
16
What is the main focus of DTC genetics companies?
SNP-based analysis
Environmental factors
Dominance effects
Pedigree studies
17
True or false: Darwin created the theory of evolution alone.
True
False
18
What is the Grandmother Hypothesis?
Grandkids' survivorship increases
Grandkids' health declines
Grandkids' education decreases
Grandkids' happiness drops
19
What is the process of becoming adapted called?
Evolution
Acclimation
Selection
Adaptation
20
Is speciation an adaptive process?
Yes, always
No, never
Only in plants
Sometimes
21
How does selection affect heritability?
Has no effect
Increases genetic variance
Reduces phenotypic variance
Only affects dominant traits
22
True or false: Larger populations have faster coalescence.
False
True
23
True or false: All traits are adaptive.
True
False
24
What is a key feature of the Biological Species Concept?
Geographical location
Morphological traits
Reproductive isolation
Genetic similarity
25
True or false: Evolution can be studied in real-time.
False
True
26
What does coalescence refer to?
Ancestral lineage
Gene flow
Genetic diversity
Population size
27
What does the term 'stochastic process' refer to?
Fixed result
Predictable outcome
Random chance
Controlled experiment
28
Do barriers to gene flow evolve to protect gene complexes?
Only in plants
Only in animals
No, they don't
Yes, they do
29
True or false: Environmental factors do not affect variance.
False
True
30
What is a key concept in the text?
Harmony
Balance
Equilibrium
Trade-offs
31
Which group includes humans and great apes?
Hominids
Hominini
Primates
Catarrhini
32
True or false: Non-synonymous mutations are more common than synonymous mutations.
True
False
33
Who is known for the concept of exaptations?
Stephen Jay Gould
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Darwin
Georges Buffon
34
What is the age range of oceans?
4.2-3.2 billion years
1-0.5 billion years
3.6-2.5 billion years
2.5-1 billion years
35
What adaptation helps humans hunt in heat?
Bipedalism
Sweating
Tool use
Language
36
True or false: Selection experiments can increase lifespans.
True
False
37
Which event occurred 248 million years ago?
P-Tr event
Cambrian explosion
Ordovician event
K-T boundary
38
No additional genetic variation to respond further to selection
False
True
39
Which event is known as the greatest extinction?
Cambrian event
P-Tr event
Ordovician event
K-T boundary
40
Which equation represents the breeder's equation?
R=Ve/Vg
R=H^2*S
R=Vg/Vt
R=h^2S
41
What is the age of protocontinents?
4 billion years
1 billion years
2.5 billion years
3.6 billion years
42
Which trait is NOT influenced by genetics?
Intelligence
Eye color
Favorite food
Height
43
What is a challenge in studying fossils?
Fossils are always intact
Fossils are often rare
Fossils are too colorful
Fossils are too large
44
What is the founder effect?
Small group forms new population
Increases genetic drift
Large population split
Decreases allele frequency
45
How is heritability often expressed?
As a ratio
As a fraction
As a whole number
As a percentage
46
What is the effect of positive assortative mating?
Enhances mutation rates
Increases genetic diversity
Reduces allele frequency
Selects similar genes
47
Which of these is a problem with fossils?
Fossils are always complete
Fossils are easy to identify
Fossils can be fragmented
Fossils are too common
48
True or false: Overdominance leads to unstable equilibrium.
False
True
49
What is senescences?
Taxonomix variation
Damage to cells that cause aging
Decline in fertility and survivorship over time
tradeoffs between allocation of energy to repair vs reproduction
50
What is the role of the promoter in genetics?
Transports RNA
Replicates DNA
Regulates gene expression
Codes for proteins
51
What is the main focus of paleontology?
Understanding extinct life
Studying living species
Examining fossils only
Analyzing climate change
52
What is genetic drift primarily caused by?
Sampling error
Population growth
Mutation rate
Natural selection
53
What evolutionary change is linked to brain development?
Nakedness
Bipedalism
Sweating
Tool use
54
Which is a source of genetic variance?
Environmental change
Phenotypic selection
Additive
Random mutation
55
True or false: Telomeres are linked to aging.
False
True
56
What is the age of the oldest rocks on Earth?
1 billion years
2.5 billion years
4.374 billion years
3.6 billion years
57
What is a requirement for fossil preservation?
Rapid water coverage
Low pressure
Oxygen exposure
High temperature
58
Mutation selection is used for recessive, deleterious alleles
False
True
59
What is a key characteristic of the Cohesion Species Concept?
Phenotypic cohesion
Morphological traits
Geographical isolation
Genetic diversity
60
Which is a method of speciation?
Monogamous
Polygamous
Asexual
Sympatric
61
What is the Rate of living theory?
variation of NS over lifetime
Idea of trade offs between allocation of energy to repair vs reproduction
decline in fertility and survivorship over time
Organisms with higher metabolic rates have shoeter lifespans
62
True or False: Extinctions happen quickly.
False
True
63
What is the primary reason for human bipedalism?
Energy efficiency
Hunting efficiency
Social interaction
Tool usage
64
What affects age structure of survivorship?
Weather changes
Exercise routines
Dietary habits
Natural selection variation
65
True or False: Fossils represent all extant taxa.
True
False
66
What does 'Fst' measure?
Genetic drift
Phenotypic traits
Population variation
Natural selection
67
True or false: The absence of evidence is evidence of absence.
True
False
68
What is the 50/500 rule?
50 for selection, 500 for drift
50 for drift, 500 for inbreeding
50 individuals for inbreeding
500 individuals for mutation
69
True or false: Aristotle believed in evolution.
False
True
70
True or false: Genetic drift is a deterministic process.
True
False
71
What does 'exaptation' mean?
Original function
Genetic drift
Random mutation
New function
72
What is a pseudogene?
Mutated gene
Expressed gene
Functional gene
Nonfunctional gene
73
Which law explains rock layer continuity?
Law of Fossils
Law of Superposition
Law of Extinction
Law of Evolution
74
Which factor affects allele frequency?
Random mating
Mutation rate
Population size
Differential reproductive success
75
Which discipline studies ancient life forms?
Paleontology
Astrophysics
Paleoclimatology
Geology
76
What does balancing selection do?
Only affects small populations
Increases mutation rates
Eliminates all alleles
Maintains multiple alleles
77
Which of these is a method of studying ancient environments?
Geochemistry
Paleoclimatology
Geology
Astrophysics
78
What is a positive aspect of menopause?
Decreased isolation
Decreased family support
Increased isolation
Increased family support
79
What is the primary focus of the Recognition Species Concept?
Geographical distribution
Mate compatibility
Genetic similarity
Morphological traits
80
Which of these is a transitional form?
Pterosaurs
Cetaceans
Dinosaurs
Mammoths
81
What is a cost of bipedalism?
More energy
Better running speed
Increased height
Back problems
82
True or false: Individuals can evolve in the Darwinian sense.
False
True
83
Which is a type of homology?
Plesiomorphy
Homoplasy
Autapomorphy
Orthology
84
True or false: Selection maximizes population mean fitness.
False
True
85
What correlates with senescence?
Exercise routines
Extrinsic mortality
Dietary supplements
Intrinsic happiness
86
True or false: Underdominance leads to stable equilibrium.
False
True
87
What is the mutation rate for pseudogenes?
Highest known
Variable rate
Lowest known
Average rate
88
Does nature prioritize long post-reproductive life?
True
False
89
Who documented extinction through fossils?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Lyell
William Smith
Georges Cuvier
90
What is the significance of fossil gaps?
Prove existence
Indicate extinction
Confirm species
Show evolution
91
Which species concept is based on ancestry?
Biological Species Concept
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Recognition Species Concept
Cohesion Species Concept
92
What does ω represent in evolution?
Selection coefficient
Genetic drift
Population size
Relative fitness
93
What does the term 'additive' refer to?
Epistatic relationships
Dominance interactions
Combined genetic effects
Environmental impact
94
What does the term 'epistatic' refer to?
Gene interactions
Dominance relationships
Environmental effects
Additive effects
95
What is the significance of fossil records?
Evidence for evolution
Identification of species
Proof of extinction
Indication of stasis
96
Who proposed the idea of uniformitarianism?
Charles Lyell
Alfred Wallace
William Smith
Thomas Malthus
97
Which discipline studies the Earth's physical structure?
Archaeology
Astrophysics
Geology
Paleontology
98
What does the Fst equation indicate?
Fst measures mutation
F is always zero
Inbreeding increases F
Fst is irrelevant
99
True or false: Neutral theory ignores deleterious mutations.
True
False
100
What is the 50/500 rule about?
Inbreeding and drift
Species extinction
Genetic mutations
Population growth
101
What increases during food scarcity in whales?
Reproduction
Communication
Survivorship
Migration
102
What is inclusive fitness?
Fitness influenced by diet
Fitness influenced by exercise
Fitness influenced by sleep
Fitness influenced by relatives
103
What does menopause minimize in whales?
Social interactions
Intrafamilial competition
Migration patterns
Food scarcity
104
True or false: Natural selection can occur without evolution.
True
False
105
Which species does not get malaria?
Cats
Humans
Chimps
Dogs
106
What is the role of rubisco in photosynthesis?
Oxygen release
Energy production
Water absorption
Carbon fixation
107
Which feature is NOT associated with human evolution?
Nakedness
Tool use
Language
Quadrupedalism
108
True or false: Humans evolved from quadrupedal ancestors.
True
False
109
What is the main idea of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Population stability
Mutation rates
Genetic drift
Natural selection
110
What does the formula Vtotal represent?
Selection variance
Genetic variance
Total variance
Environmental variance
111
What role do sialic acid receptors play?
Cell communication
Oxygen transport
DNA replication
Nutrient absorption
112
What is a characteristic of fossil records?
Always complete
Represent all species
Only recent fossils
Change over time
113
What is antagonistic pleiotrophy?
Good early in life, bad late in life
Changes genotypic frequencies but not allelic frequencies
114
Who is known as the father of modern taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
Georges Buffon
Nicolas Steno
Charles Darwin
115
What does the absence of evidence imply?
Absence is no evidence
Evidence of absence
Evidence is always present
No evidence needed
116
True or false: Fossils can be distorted and fragmented.
True
False
117
Which one is not apart of fab 5?
Non-random mating
infinite population size
No natural selection
No genetic drift
118
What does natural selection require?
Uniform reproduction
Environmental stability
Phenotypic variation
Random mutations
119
What is the significance of the Alu-induced deletion?
Causes malaria
Enhances survival
Reduces genetic diversity
Increases fitness
120
What does Fst measure in populations?
Heterozygosity
Inbreeding depression
Population size
Genetic drift
121
What does QTL stand for?
Quick Trait Linkage
Quantitative Trait Linkage
Quantitative Trait Loss
Quality Trait Linkage
122
What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle used for?
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Population genetics
Evolutionary history
123
What is a consequence of methane clathrate release?
Increased oxygen
More biodiversity
Stable temperatures
Climate warming
124
What is narrow-sense heritability focused on?
Dominance effects
Environmental effects
Additive effects
All genetic effects
125
What is hybrid breakdown?
A genetic issue
A mating behavior
A type of speciation
A reproductive strategy
126
What does Steno's law of Stratigraphy explain?
Climate change effects
Extinction causes
Rock layer formation
Fossilization process
127
What is a consequence of climate change?
Extinction events
More fossil records
Increased biodiversity
Stable ecosystems
128
What system do killer whales have?
Egalitarian systems
Patriarchal systems
Matriarchal systems
Anarchic systems
129
What is the significance of the Anthropocene epoch?
Animal extinction
Natural evolution
Human impact on Earth
Climate change only
130
What is the significance of transitional fossils?
Evidence of stasis
Support for creationism
Indication of extinction
Proof of evolution
131
True or false: Balancing selection quickly replaces ancestral traits.
False
True
132
What did Copernicus propose?
Natural selection
Geocentrism
Evolution theory
Heliocentrism
133
What does the term 'homoplasy' refer to?
Genetic drift
Common ancestry
Adaptive radiation
Independent origin
134
What is the main challenge of the Ecological Species Concept?
Impractical application
Clear definitions
Genetic analysis
Species identification
135
What is post-reproductive survivorship?
Life without reproduction
Life before reproduction
Life during reproduction
Life after reproduction
136
Which factor affects atmospheric composition?
Plants
Meteor impacts
Human activity
Volcanic eruptions
137
How does variance change in pedigrees?
Increases downwards
Decreases downwards
Stays the same
Fluctuates randomly
138
What is the age range of Hominini based on DNA?
5-6 million years
3-4 million years
10-12 million years
7-8.4 million years
139
How does generation time affect mutation rates?
Longer time, more mutations
Shorter time, more mutations
No effect on mutations
Only affects large populations
140
What does the McDonald-Kreitman test analyze?
Replacement vs silent changes
Silent mutations only
Only deleterious mutations
All genetic variations
141
True or false: Fossils are always found in sedimentary rock.
False
True
142
Which of these is NOT a supporting discipline of OLDEARTH?
Paleontology
Geochemistry
Astrophysics
Botany
143
True or false: Drift increases genetic diversity in large populations.
True
False
144
What is the significance of bootstrap values?
Natural selection
Genetic variation
Support measure
Population size
145
What is genetic load?
Boost in immunity
Increase in energy
Accumulation of mutations
Decrease in health
146
What is the main consequence of inbreeding?
Reduced population size
Inbreeding depression
Increased genetic diversity
Higher mutation rates
147
What is the role of codon bias?
Reduces genetic diversity
Affects gene expression
Only in junk DNA
Increases mutation rates
148
What is a mechanism of aging?
Increased exercise
Positive thinking
Deleterious mutation accumulation
Healthy diet
149
True or false: Polyploidy is common in animals.
True
False
150
True or false: Fst assumes a finite population size.
True
False
151
What is the Mother Hypothesis?
Older moms care for kids
Moms prioritize hobbies
Moms focus on career
Moms travel often
152
What is the estimated extinction rate without humans?
1 species per year
100 species per year
1 species per million
10 species per million
153
How does nature view post-reproductive life?
Concerned
Opposed
Indifferent
Supportive
154
What is the effect of C-sections on natural selection?
Has no effect
Increases genetic variation
Enhances survival
Reduces reproductive potential
155
What is a pseudogene?
A coding sequence
Functional gene
Nonfunctional gene remnant
A type of mutation
156
True or false: Humans have more eccrine glands than other primates.
True
False
157
True or false: Fossils are commonly found in igneous rock.
False
True
158
What is a derived trait?
A common characteristic
A new adaptation
Ancestral feature
A primitive trait
159
How much cheaper is bipedalism compared to quadrupedalism?
75% cheaper
25% cheaper
50% cheaper
100% cheaper
160
Do chimps experience menopause?
True
False
161
What is the trade-off in energy allocation?
Growth vs Rest
Repair vs Reproduction
Sleep vs Work
Food vs Water
162
What is a ring species?
A single species
A type of hybrid
A geographical barrier
A species that wraps around
163
What is the purpose of studying HapMap linkage?
Identify environmental traits
Analyze phenotypic variance
Understand chromosome linkage
Study genetic drift
164
Which trait may evolve by genetic drift?
Beneficial traits
Harmful traits
Non-adaptive traits
Adaptive traits
165
True or false: Evolution can occur without natural selection.
True
False
166
True or false: Humans are the only bipedal primates.
True
False
167
True or false: Humans have both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc.
True
False
168
What does 'μ' represent in genetics?
Selection pressure
Population size
Gene frequency
Mutation rate
169
What does 'apomorphy' refer to?
Random traits
Primitive traits
Common traits
Derived traits
170
What does h^2 represent in genetics?
Narrow-sense heritability
Environmental heritability
Broad-sense heritability
Total heritability
171
What is the disposable soma hypothesis?
Energy for growth is unlimited
Energy for work is infinite
Energy for repair is limited
Energy for sleep is abundant
172
What is a broadscale volcanic event?
Lava flows
Minor eruptions
Super volcanoes
Ash clouds
173
What is a derived character?
Evolved feature
Ancestral trait
Random mutation
Primitive trait
174
What is the term for the current geological epoch?
Pleistocene
Mesozoic
Anthropocene
Holocene
175
Which component is NOT part of broad-sense heritability?
Dominance
Additive
Environmental only
Epistatic
176
Which is a consequence of phylogenetic history?
Homology
Homoplasy
Genetic drift
Natural selection
177
What is the significance of the Great Oxidation Event?
Decreased biodiversity
More anaerobic species
Less photosynthesis
Increased oxygen levels
178
What is the age of the Universe?
2.5 billion years
4.6 billion years
13.7 billion years
3.6 billion years
179
True or false: Traits can evolve by genetic hitchhiking.
True
False
180
What is the age of large continents?
1-0.5 billion years
2.5-1 billion years
4.374 billion years
3.6-2.5 billion years
181
True or false: Repair machinery improves with age.
True
False
182
What is the Scala naturae?
A type of evolution
A scientific method
A geological theory
A hierarchy of life
183
Which discipline studies ancient climates?
Paleoclimatology
Geochemistry
Astrophysics
Paleontology
184
What does the term 'parental investment' refer to?
Care for offspring
Genetic contribution
Investment in resources
Time spent mating
185
Which primate group includes old world monkeys?
New World Monkeys
Hominini
Lemurs
Catarrhini
186
How does genetic drift affect small populations?
Reduces heterozygosity
Eliminates mutations
Enhances allele frequency
Increases genetic diversity
187
What does coalescent theory model?
Ancestral lineages of genes
Future gene copies
Population size changes
Mutation rates over time
188
Which scientist is associated with the scientific method?
Charles Darwin
Isaac Newton
Francis Bacon
Galileo Galilei
189
What is the focus of the text?
Physics
Mathematics
Chemistry
Evolutionary biology
190
True or false: Aging results from cell damage.
False
True
191
True or false: Allopatric speciation occurs with geographical barriers.
True
False
192
What is a benefit of short toes in humans?
Better climbing ability
More balance
Better running
Increased height
193
What do fossils eliminate the possibility of?
Stasis
Extinction
Evolution
Adaptation
194
What happens with late acting variants?
Rendered neutral
Enhance health
Increase energy
Become harmful
195
True or false: Humans are currently in the Anthropocene epoch.
True
False
196
What is a major cause of extinction?
Climate change
Overpopulation
Hunting
Natural selection

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