Sociology: Chapters 1-4 (Exam Review)

Human thought processes involving perception, reasoning and remembering.

George Herbert Mead emphasized the role of symbols and language as core elements of human interaction.

The scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies.

Widely agreed-upon principles or rules people are expected to observe. The dos and don'ts of social life.

Emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the experiences of women.

What is the key difference between pastoral and agrarian societies?

The French philosopher who invented the word sociology.

An approach that attempts to explain behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles.

The stage of cognitive development, in which the child's thinking is based primarily on physical perception of the world

The process whereby individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate that they are aware of the other's presence.

Shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups.

The second stage of human cognitive development, in which a child has advanced to master basic modes of logical thought

This German philosopher argued that class struggles were what led to historical progress and development.

Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad.

This American philosopher and sociologist gave attention to the use of the concepts of "I" and "me".

The practice of judging a culture by its own standards.

What role do theoretical questions play in research?

According to Auguste Comte, what is the proper role of sociology?

The social process through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

The belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress.

The study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-to-day social interaction.

The firsthand study of people using observation, in- depth interviewing, or both. Also called "fieldwork".

The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources.

According to this view, material, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical social change.

The functions of a particular social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity

Who coined the term double consciousness to refer to the African American experience?

The first stage of human cognitive development, in which a child's awareness is dominated by perception and touch

The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture and thereby represent them.

Turned a sociological eye on previously ignored issues, such as, marriage, children, religious life, and race relations.

Awareness of one's distinct social identity as a person separate from others.

Emphasizes the role of political and economic power and oppression as contributing to the existing social order.

The economic, political, and social interconnectedness of individuals throughout the world.

One of the most distinctive features of human beings compared with other animals is ______.

A feeling of aimless despair provoked by modern social life.

Functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur.

The physical objects that individuals in society create. These objects in turn, influence how we live.

The social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole.

The application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions.

Enables a researcher to test a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions established by the investigator.

People's need to interact with other's in their presence.

Sociology can be considered a science because it does which of the following?

What is the sociological imagination?

The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media and family.

Cultural groups within a wider society that hold values and norms distinct from those of the majority.

Questions that raise issues concerning matters of fact.

The study of large-scale groups, organizations, social systems.

The process by which we act with and react to those around us.

The study of human behavior in contexts of face-to- face interaction.

Questions that sociologists pose when looking at the origins and path of development of social institutions.

A functionalist theory of aging that maintains that busy, engaged people are more likely to lead fulfilling lives

A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community.

Which phrase best represents the beliefs of Herbert Spencer?

The process whereby the investigator informs potential participants about the risks and benefits involved in the study.

The aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals.

When members of one cultural group borrow elements of another group's culture

This German sociologist sought to explain social change and emphasized the importance of culture and ideas.

Theorists, such as, Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim, compared societies to the workings of the human body.

Difficulties that are located in individual biographies, a private experience.

A method of sociological research in which questionnaires are administered to the population being studied.

George H. Cooley proposed that the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves

After working out a design, what is the next step of the sociological research process?

Seemingly involuntary exclamations individuals make when being taken by surprise.

A perspective based on the assumption that the aging process is shaped by historical time and place.

Described several distinct stages of cognitive development.

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories.

The language that we use influences our perceptions of the world.

Cultural groups within a wider society that largely reject the values and norms of the majority.

The ability to think, act, and make choices independently.

A system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts.

Preparing for the presentation of one's social role.