U2L1 W. Europe Before 1450 CE

According to manorialism, __?__ were the hereditary peasant (landless) laborers

The Roman Catholic Church (pope) recruited crusaders by offering a quicker path to atonement/salvation

The Commercial Revolution and Renaissance transformed W. Europe during the Late Middle Ages

Sugarcane and spices from Asia were gradually reintroduced to Europeans during the Crusades

Trade between Christian merchants from Europe and Muslim merchants from W. Asia __?__ during the Crusades

Feudal kings, by increasing taxes, funded centralized bureaucracies and armies to challenge lords they once depended on

Lords benefited from the labor of the serfs and collected [agricultural] taxes from the serfs residing on the manor

The Hanseatic League, an alliance between trading cities from Northern/Central Europe, actively traded w/ Muslims

The Commercial Revolution & Black Death contributed to the development of the __?__ (middle class of merchants/artisans)

__?__, a Renaissance period philosophy, emphasized one's secular [non-spiritual] development

__?__ = medieval Europe's decentralized and localized approach to economics (lords and serfs)

__?__ eventually won the Crusades (captured and held Jerusalem)

The increased trade/commerce contributed to the development of new financial practices/instuitions

Serfs benefited from manorialism because they received housing, food, protection from their lord

__?__ = Christian attempts to recapture the Iberia (Spain/Portugal) from Muslim rule

__?__ = Germanic tribe that adopted/spread/defended Christianity after the fall of the W. Roman Empire

Improved agricultural techniques contributed to gradual population recovery & urbanization

Members of the bourgeoisie actively rediscovered Greco-Roman art, literature, and philosophy during the Renaissance

While the Western Roman Empire fell to __?__ warlords in 476 CE, the Eastern Roman Empire lasted another 1000 years

During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church often challenged the power of feudal kings/lords

Venice, an Italitan city-state, developed a trade partnership/monopoly with the Muslim merchants (& later the Ottomans)

According to feudalism, a __?__ were the secondary [landowning] authority

Feudal kings benefited from feudalism because __?__ (vassals) pledged to protect the king and his personal land(s)

(1) Feudalism and (2) manorialism gradually developed after the fall of the Franks/Carolingian dynasty (c. 900 CE)

Flying cash (credit) allowed a merchant to deposit paper money in one location & withdraw the same amount at another

The Black Death, an outbreak of the bubonic plague, killed approximately one-third (25+ million) of Europe’s population

__?__ = Christian attempts to recapture the Holy Land from Seljuk Turks

Some feudal lords challenged the power/authority of their feudal king/upper lord

According to feudalism, __?__ were armored and mounted soldiers who defended kings & lords.

__?__ = medieval Europe's decentralized and localized approach to politics (kings, lords)

The Crusades indirectly contributed to a period of European economic transformation known as the __?__

According to feudalism, __?__ were the primary [landowning] authorities

Western/Latin Christendom practiced ___?___

A patchwork of __?__ Germanic kingdoms developed immediately after the fall of the W. Roman Empire

Lords benefited from feudalism because they were granted land and the authority (privilege) to make laws/collect taxes