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Unit 2: 2.2-2.8 Flashcards | StudBud
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Unit 2: 2.2-2.8
Fixation is:
A mental set is
Unit 2: 2.2-2.8
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AP Psychology- Cognition
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1
A mental set is
a group of conclusions drawn from assumptions or principles.
mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people.
methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.
approaching problems in the same way due to past success.
2
Fixation is:
a simple problem solving strategy
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
the tendency to approach a problem in a certain way
a sudden burst of inspiration
3
Coding system of the Phonological Loop
Uses Senses
Visual
Auditory
Semantic
4
Assimilation is to accommodation as
incorporating is to adjusting.
thinking is to adapting
nurture is to adapting
genetic is to environmental.
5
What is relearning?
Retrieval of stored information using minimal cues
Retrieval of stored information by identifying correct response from others
Learning something again that has been previously encoded
Retrieval of stored information using many cues
6
State-Dependent Memory
Highly light-sensitive, but color-insensitive, photoreceptors in the retina
Psychoactive drug that inhibits the functioning of the central nervous syst
Memory that is aided or impeded by a person's internal state.
A confounding variable that occurs when an experimenter unintentionally enc
7
The Hippocampus is responsible for which of the following?
Emotional Memory
Balance and Cordination
Long-term Memory
Short-Term Memory
8
Long term potentiation describes
how STM may be processed into long term memories
how new long term memories are formed
the strengthening of neural connections due to stimulation
the day to day functioning of the hippocampus
9
Which is an example of an implicit memory
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recognizing a celebrity
recalling the name of your math teacher
describing the taste of a birthday cake
10
What is source misattribution?
Forgetting or misreading the source of a memory
Our states and emotions can also serve as retrieval cues.
How you jog your memory
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
11
Validity is to reliability as...
Study is to experiment
Cause is to correlation
Accuracy is to consistency
Positive is to negative
12
Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as...
meaning is to imagery
iconic is to flashbulb
implicit is to explicit
effortful is to automatic
13
The eugenics movement would have been most likely to encourage
construction of racially and culturally unbiased tests
use of factor analysis for identifying types of intelligences
creation of special education for intellectually disabled people
selective breeding of highly intelligent people
14
Gambler's Fallacy
The allure of a big payout can cloud judgment.
Remembering wins more than losses
Belief that past events affect future outcomes.
Continuing to gamble to recover losses.
15
automatic processing occurs without
conscious awareness
iconic memory
semantic encoding
sensory memory
16
self-reference effect:
is when you think about how the information relates to you
when you have an egocentric view of the world
when you make the narrative about yourself
you place yourself in the centre of the story
17
Mood Congruent Memory
Facts and Experiences one can know and declare
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Recall Experiences consistent with ones good or bad mood
18
Representativeness Heuristic
can create or sustain stereotypes
previous belief
problem solving method
something available
19
Encoding Failure
The brains occasional failure to create a memory
an inability to form new memories
when a computer cannot code a download
a type of forgetting that happens soon after the memory is formed.
20
What is imagination inflation?
Misremembering details after hearing incorrect accounts
Difficulty recalling information due to old memories
Forgetting details of a new concept quickly
Enhanced memory of imagined events, leading to false memories
21
A heuristic is:
An abrupt, true-seeming, and satisftying solution
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
The way we frame an issue
A simpler thinking strategy
22
Charles Spearman used this to describe all around general intelligence
practical intelligence
g
common sense
Emotional Intelligence
23
Confirmation Bias refers to
tendency to look only for info that negates belief
tendency to remember only info that supports belief
tendency to look only for info that supports belief
tendency to remember only info that negates belief
24
How does a prototype relate to concepts?
a prototype doesn't relate to concepts
a first model of something newly invented
its the general mental image for the group/category
its a bird used to show grouping
25
IQ formula:
(Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100
(Chronological Age/Mental Age) x 100
26
Encoding is to _________ as retrieval is to ________
holding on to; getting out
getting out; processing
processing; getting out
procedural; implicit
27
flashbulb memory
the retention of encoded information over time
Memory of one's personal experiences
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
the processing of information into the memory system
28
Divergent Thinking
Coming up with one right answer or way to do a task
The use of logic based on what has been experienced
The act or process of knowing
Thinking in a variety of ways to solve problems
29
Algorithm
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way
Step-by-step series of rules, guarantees solving a problem
Tendency to search for information
Thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgment
30
What is framing?
A belief bias
Our tendency to believe things that are not true
The way a question is posed
The thing put around paintings
31
Which illustrates belief perserverance?
you refuse to listen to arguments counter to your beliefs
Your belief remains intact even with contradicting evidence
you tend to search for information that supports your belief
you tend to become e flustered and angered when refuted
32
An aptitude test is to ______ as an achievement test is to _______.
potential; what has been learned
profit from learning; potential
a measurement of current skills; potential
what has been learned; potential
33
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
Storage decay is rapid if one did not really encode.
Rapid storage decay initially followed by leveling off
We remember things that were encoded as a flashbulb memory.
We can positively transfer what we remember.
34
Chunking increases memory efficiency by
associating each item with a well-established mental image
mental imagery
visualizing
decreasing the number of items that must be remembered
35
Proactive interference occurs when...
Memories fade over time.
Newer memories cause forgetting of older ones.
We don't have the right information to trigger our memory.
Older memories cause forgetting of newer ones.
36
Misinformation Effect
memory impairment cause by the introduction of misleading info
generating a false memory with ought the invention of deceit
tendency to interpret new evidence as conformation to ones beliefs
overestimating ones ability to remember certain facts that are false
37
Availability heuristics
a problem sovling method that uses a step by step process
a problem solving method that uses a formula the get right to the answer
a problem solving method that uses information readily available to you
a problem solving method that uses your prototype as the best image
38
Long-Term Memory
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory
thinking in which a problem is seen as having one answer
the act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive...
thinking in which a person starts from one point
39
Our sensory memory holds
large amounts of information for along period of time
small amounts of information for ashort period of time
large amounts of information for ashort period of time
small amounts of information for along period of time
40
Compare iconic memory to echoic memory.
Iconic: auditory memory; Echoic: visual memory.
Iconic: short-term memory; Echoic: long-term memory.
Iconic: visual memory; Echoic: auditory memory.
Iconic: long-term memory; Echoic: short-term memory.
