What is not a characteristic of the high specific heat of water?

Causes water to move against the pull of gravity

Bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent with carbon

True, idk, carbon is pretty weird

Freebie! Here are some facts about the Diversity of Carbon!

It can form 4 covalent bonds, Its most frequent bonding partners are H, O, and N, It has 4 valence electrons (tetra valence), Its pretty cool.

How did life FIRST begin?

small organic molecules were synthesized

What is not a characteristic of an Element?

2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

What does the optimal temperature for enzymes mean?

When there is the greatest number of molecular collisions.

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AP Biology Midterm Review Flashcards | StudBud

AP Biology Midterm Review

316 termsStudBud Administration55 plays

AP Biology is torture and thats why this is so long. Here is all of the mass amounts of info you need to know. Enjoy... Seriously though, this covers Big Idea 1 and Big Idea 2.

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Questions 316

Answers

1
What is not a characteristic of hydrophobic?
Non-polar
Blood
Repel H2O
Oils, Lipids
2
A cell that contains a nucleus, nuclear envelope, and other membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
3
Felidae would be an example of what?
Genus
Order
Family
Species
4
Endoplasmic Reticulum found within the cytoplasm, composed mostly of tubules and stores protein
Smooth ER
Rough ER
5
evolution theory maintains that species evolve slow/continuous over long period geological time
Cavier
Hutton
Darwin
Lamarck
6
Who tested the conditions of early earth?
Oparin-Haldane
The Miller & Urey Hypothesis
Two of the above are true
Miller & Urey
7
(of an organ or part of the body) having become functionless in the course of evolution
Analogous
confused
Homologous
Vestigial
8
How does salt concentration affect enzyme function?
adds/removes cations (+) & anions (-)
disrupt bonds, disrupts 3D shape, denatures proteins
All the above
disrupts attractions between charged amino acids
9
Activators: non-protein, small inorganic compounds & ions (Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu)
Proteins
Cofactors
Coenzymes
Vitamins
10
(natural selection) the population mean stabilizes on a particular non-extreme trait value
directional selection
intrasexual selection
stabilizing selection
random selection
11
Which type of lipid is this?
Sterol
Fat
Wax
Phospholipid
12
the gametes (egg and sperm) come into contact, but no fertilization takes place
Reduced Hybrid Viability
Hybrid Breakdown
Mechanical Isolation
Gametic Isolation
13
What is a characteristic of an isotope?
Uncontrolled exposure can cause harm
# of neutrons varies but same # of protons
Radioactive isotopes can be used as tracers
All the above
14
Fats, waxes, and sterols contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
true
false
15
This macromolecules polymers are RNA and DNA
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Lipids
16
A group of species that includes an ancestral species + all descendants
Clade
Derived Characteristics
Cladogram
Phylogenetic Tree
17
a group of organisms that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants
Monophyletic Group
Paraphyletic Group
Polyphyletic Group
18
average rate at which a species genome accumulates mutations measure evolutionary divergence
Phylogenetic Tree
Maximum Parsimony
Homologous Mapping
Molecular Clocks
19
A rate is determined by collisions between substrate and enzyme.
False
True
20
When something competes for an active site; can be overcome with more substrate
Endergonic
Exergonic
Enzymes
Competitive Inhibition
21
2 species live in the same area but different habitats
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Habitat isolation
22
Carbon molecules can be chains, ring-shaped, or branched?
nah
confused
yea
I guess so
23
(of structures) performing a similar function but having a different evolutionary origin
homologous
confused
vestigial
analogous
24
a normal diploid cell or organism acquires one or more additional sets of chromosomes
genetic polyploidy
heterozygosity
nonrandom selection
bottleneck effect
25
How does nitrogen cycle through the environment?
Carbon Cycle
Water Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
26
A protein that allows for free flow through the cell membrane along the concentration gradient
Channel protein
Carrier protein
27
This macromolecules monomers are nucleotides
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
28
Panthera would be an example of what?
Order
Genus
Family
Species
29
an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes
disruptive selection
directional selection
stabilizing selection
random selection
30
any of the class of sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar
Polymer
Polysaccharides
Monomer
Monosaccharide
31
The powerhou- I mean, creates energy for the cell by breaking down molecules
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Golgi Apparatus
32
What is not a characteristic of the high specific heat of water?
Create stable marine/land environment
Causes water to move against the pull of gravity
Large bodies of water absorb and store more heat
Change temp less when absorbs/loses heat
33
Bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent with carbon
False
True
idk, carbon is pretty weird
Honestly, neither
34
channels between cells to allow passage of molecules
Vacuoles
Cell Wall
Plasmodesmata
Cytosol
35
Freebie! Here are some facts about the Diversity of Carbon!
It can form 4 covalent bonds
Its most frequent bonding partners are H, O, and N
It has 4 valence electrons (tetra valence)
Its pretty cool.
36
How did life FIRST begin?
small molecules → macromolecules
Molecules packaged into protocells
small organic molecules were synthesized
self-replicating molecules allow for inheritance
37
What is not a characteristic of an Element?
"Pure" substance
2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
Can't be broken down by "ordinary" means to another substanc
Hydrogen, Nitrogen
38
The measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch surface of liquid
Surface Tensions
Cohesion
Van der Waals
Adhesion
39
A reaction that loses energy during the reaction
Exergonic
Cellular Respiration
Endergonic
2 are technically correct
40
in genetics is a fixed position on a chromosome
analogous
vestigial
locus
homologous
41
This macromolecules polymer is a polysaccharide
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
42
Varies in covalent arrangement
Structural Isomer
Enantiomers
Cis-Trans Isomer
Isomers
43
breaks down proteins
Sucrase
Proteases
DNA polymerase
Lipases
44
A form of diffusion requiring the use of ATP
Active Transport
Passive Transport
45
An unresolved pattern of divergence
Phylogenetics
Polytomy
Homologous
Analogous
46
This macromolecules monomers are monosaccharides
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
47
Enzymes are specific to to the substrate in both shape and charge
Always true
Sometimes true
Rarely true
False
48
What is the pH of water?
7
1
0
8
49
Biological catalysts that speed up rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Enzymes
Macromolecules
Micro-molecules
Acids
50
synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca²⁺
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Rough ER
Smooth ER
51
What does the optimal temperature for enzymes mean?
When enzymes are barely colliding
When there is the greatest number of molecular collisions.
52
Def. of species: share a common ancestor, form one branch on tree of life
Ecological
Morphological
Phylogenetic
All of the above
53
The females prefer the more elaborate patterns on their mates. Like peahens.
stabilizing selection
directional selection
random selection
Intraselection
54
the science of classifying and naming organisms
Linnaeus
None of the above
Binomial nomenclature
Taxonomy
55
Give strength to tissue by linking the cells together by the cytoskeleton
Desmosomes
Plasmodesmata
Tight Junctions
Gap Junctions
56
different species are isolated by their mechanics, or genetalia
Mechanical Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Gametic Isolation
Reduced Hybrid Viability
57
Which type of lipid is this?
Sterols
Waxes
Fats
Phospholipids
58
Used to reconstruct history
Fossil Record
Organic Evidence
Mineralized
Incomplete Records
59
Panthera parus would be an example of what?
Family
Species
Genus
Order
60
What are the Domains?
Archaea
Bacteria
All of the above
Eukarya
61
breaks down lipids
Proteases
Sucrase
Lipases
DNA polymerase
62
Which increases H+ concentration?
Base
Acid
63
This macromolecules function is for energy storage, cell membrane development, and steroids.
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
64
The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes.
True
False
65
The plant or animal that you are apart of dies. You are let to be converted back to ammonium.
Denitrification
Fixation
Nitrification
Ammonification
66
Attaches at the active site and changes shape of the enzyme so it is not functional
Increased Temperature
Non-competitive inhibition
none of the above
Denaturing
67
What pH balance would be considered basic?
below 0
1-6
7
8-14
68
H of polar covalent molecule bonds to electronegative atom of other polar covalent molecules
Covalent
Polar
Hydrogen
Ionic
69
What pH balance is considered neutral?
below 0
7
1-6
8-14
70
Activators: non-protein, organic molecules, bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near site
Proteins
Vitamins
Cofactors
Coenzymes
71
Measure decay of radioactive isotopes present in layers where fossils are found
Other
Relative Dating
Carbon Dating
Radiometric Dating
72
gradation in 1+ characteristic w/in species/taxon especially between different populations
bottleneck effect
genetic drift
a cline
hardy-wienberg
73
releases water; used to create palmers connected by covalent bonds; anabolic; endergonic
hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
74
What is not a characteristic of matter?
Moves matter
Affected by gravity
Consists of elements and compounds
Has mass and takes up space
75
This macromolecules monomers are amino acids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
76
What macromolecule contains primarily carbon?
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
77
evolutionary mechanism that keeps individuals of different species from interbreeding
Temporal Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Habitat Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
78
helps members of the same species identify each other as proper mates
Temporal Isolation
Habitat Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
79
What bond only shares electrons, but might not differ in electronegativity?
Nonpolar
Polar
Ionic
Covalent
80
breaks down sucrose
lipases
DNA polymerase
proteases
sucrase
81
What are fats called that are liquid at room temperature?
Sterols
Oils
Waxes
Fats
82
What are important processes of the Nitrogen Cycle?
fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification
evaporation, condensation, precipitation
fixation, evaporation, condensation, nitrification
fixation, condensation, ammonification, precipitation
83
Take apart cells, separate major organells
SEM
Electron Microscopy
Ultracentrifuges
Cell fractionation
84
“rivets” that fasten cells into strong sheets
Gap Junctions
Desmosomes
2 are correct
Tight Junction
85
The simplest level of protein structure.
Primary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Secondary
86
What type of evolution is in Evolutionary-Devo?
Evolutionary Biology
Two are true
Developmental Biology
Genetic Biology
87
Which gains protons?
Hydroxide Ion
Hydronium Ion
88
This RNA attaches mRNA and makes up ribosomes
tRNA
mRNA
DNA
rRNA
89
slight, fleeting attractions between atoms and molecules close together
Van der Waals Interaction
Hydrogen Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Polar
90
Used to construct cladograms
Shared Derived Characteristics
Clades
Analogous Structures
Homologous Structures
91
Scanning Electron Microscopy is not..
Gives great field of depth
3-D
Used for detailed study of surface of specimen
Can enhance contrast by staining atoms with heavy metal dyes
92
Contains Carbon & H
Organic Compounds
Organic Chemistry
93
The point at which forward and revers reactions offset one another exactly
2 are correct
Chemical Equilibrium
Van der Waals
The breaking point
94
Any condition that affects protein structure
Im confused
Reaction specific
Not consumed in reaction
Affected by cellular conditions
95
evolutionary change within species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period
macroevolution
homologous
genetic drift
microevolution
96
What molecules can carbon form in?
proteins
nucleic acid
lipids
carbohydrates
97
This Polymer is single stranded, contains Ribose, and uses A,C,G, and U
DNA
RNA
98
When subunits of a protein come together, it makes...
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
99
When did the colonization of land by fungi, plants, and animals appear on Earth?
2.1 billion years
500 million years
1.2 billion years
3.5 billion years
100
What type of dating has a half life?
Carbon Dating
Relative Dating
Uranium
Radiometric Dating
101
Population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed
Species
Species
Genus
Family
102
What are the most common elements found in living organisms?
C, H, N, S
H, N, P, He, Xe
C, H, N, O, P, S
C, N, O, S
103
This RNA carries amino acids
rRNA
DNA
tRNA
mRNA
104
Each enzyme works with a specific substrate, the chemical can fit between active site&substrate
Not consumed in reaction
3 are correct
Affected by cellular conditions
Reaction specific
105
Many organisms not preserved, fossils destroyed, or not yet found
Incomplete Record
Organic Material
Mineralized Organisms
Sedimentary Rock
106
What cannot cause sympatric speciation?
Sexual selection
Habitat differentiation
Polyploidy
Genetic Drift
107
What is the breakdown of reproductive barriers?
Sympatric Speciation
Autopolyploidy
Fusion
Hybrid breakdown
108
Extensions of the cell that help it to move along
Flagella
Centrosomes
Centrioles
Cillia
109
What was Pangea and when did it come about?
a planet; 250 bya
a supercontinent; unknown
a type of plant; 25mya
a supercontinent; 250mya
110
Major Event: plants invade land, many animals appear, Permian Extinction
Precambrian
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Cenozoic
111
A chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed.
burning
endergonic
none
exergonic
112
Rare in fossils but found in amber, frozen, tar pits
Sedimentary Rock
Organic Matter
Mineralized
Incomplete Records
113
package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane
Lipids
Smooth ER
Mitochondria
Rough ER
114
A three dimensional protein structure
Primary
Quaternary
Tertiary
Secondary
115
What is Animalia considered?
Phylum
Domain
Kingdom
Class
116
stated that the mechanisms of change are constant over time and therefore still apply today
Darwin
Lyell
Lamarck
Cavier
117
Used to support the cell, and more importantly, pull the sister chromatids apart during divisio
Chromosomes
Nucleus
Centrosomes
Centrioles
118
When did the first multicellular eukaryotes appear?
4.7 billion years
2.1 billion years
1.2 billion years
3.5 billion years
119
Barriers that prevent members of 2 species from producing viable, fertile hybrids
Sexual Preference
Breeding Isolation
Genetic Drift
Reproductive Isolation
120
Small channel proteins that help ions and molecules flow to adjacent cells
Gap Junctions
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Plasmodesmata
121
break down fatty acids; detox alcoholInvolves production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)
Enzymes
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Peroxisomes
122
A protein that actively uses ATP to transfer chemicals across the cell membrane
Carrier protein
Channel protein
123
Conformational changes by regulatory molecules
Non Competitive Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition
Irreversible Inhibition
Allosteric Regulation
124
Most phospholipids contain diglycerids.
true
false
125
What elements make up lipids?
C, H, O
C, H, O, N, P
C, H, N, O, P, S
C, H, O, S
126
Provides structural support for the cell
Extracellular Matrix
Golgi Apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Nuclear Envelope
127
Major Event: This is when primates appear.
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian
Cenozoic
128
Chemical reactions of life are organized in pathways
Allosteric Regulation
Irreversible Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition
Metabolic Pathways
129
How does the cold affect enzymes?
molecules move faster; decreased collision
molecules move slower; increased collision
molecules move slower; decreased collision
molecules move faster; increased collision
130
a type of bond in which H atom that has a covalent link w 1 of the electroneg forms an link
hydrogen bonds
that family bond tho.
covalent bonds
ionic bonds
131
Enzymes are specific to pH
idk
true
false
confused
132
the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen intro a combined form through chemical&biological action
dentrification
nitrification
fixation
ammonification
133
the possession of two different alleles of a particular gene or genes by an individual.
analogous
polyploidy
homologous
heterozygosity
134
What pH range would be considered acidic?
7
8-14
below zero
1-6
135
channels through which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass
2 or more are correct
Gap Junctions
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
136
What is not a characteristic of hydrophilic?
Cell membranes
Cellulose, sugar, salt
Polar, ions
Affinity for H2O
137
Water is an excellent solvent.
False
True
138
a fatty acid in which there is one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain.
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Sterols
Waxes
139
having the same structural feature/pattern of genes/having the same relation/position/structure
Cline
Homologous
Allopatric
Analogous
140
What cannot cause allopatric speciation?
Genetic Drift
Geological isolation
Natural Selection
Polyploidy
141
The specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place.
Enzyme
Active Site
Substrate
142
What is not a part of energy?
Elements and compounds
Heat
Light
Sound
143
ATP Synthase in the inner mitochondrial and chloroplast membrane.
Cholesterol
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Protein
144
Breaks down proteins (polypeptides)
Proteases
Lipases
Pepsin
DNA polymerase
145
How does Phosphorus move through the environment?
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Water Cycle
146
What is considered a derivative of cholesterol?
Waxes
Sterols
Fats
Phospholipids
147
What elements are found in nucleic acids?
C, H, O
C, H, O, N, P, S
C, H, O, P
C, H, O, M, P
148
the electrostatic bond between two ions formed through the transfer of one or more electrons
covalent bonds
those family bonds
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
149
Single enzyme molecule can catalyze thousands or more reactions per second
Not consumed in reaction
Reaction specific
Affected by cellular conditions
None of the above
150
biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by oxidation of nitrate.
ammonification
fixation
denitrification
nitrification
151
Regulation and coordination of production, product is used by the next step in the path way
Feedback Inhibition
Irreversible Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition
Noncompetitive Inhibition
152
What is not a characteristic of Light Microscopy?
Magnify up 1000x/color
Specimen can be alive/moving
Black&white/Magnify up to 1,000,000 times
Visible light passes through specimen/refracts light
153
What bonds does water form?
Ionic
Hydrogen
Still confused..
Covalent
154
Allows the flow of Ions and molecules between plant cells
Plasmodesmata
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions
Tight Junctions
155
What element is the main component of biological compounds as well as minerals.
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Neon
156
some individuals or values have more chance of being selected than others.
bottleneck effect
Loci
Hardy-wienberg
nonrandom mating
157
Branching diagram that shows evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Phenotype Tree
Genotype Tree
Homologous Tree
Phylogenetic Tree
158
Mirror images of molecules
Cis-Trans Isomer
Isomer
Enantiomers
Structural Isomer
159
differencein populations in genetically based traits across natural geographic range of species
Geographic vartiation
loci
Heterozygosity
bottleneck effect
160
frequency of Aa (heterozygous)
p
p2
q
2pq
161
What are fats considered?
Phospholipids
Sterols
Waxes
Triglycerides
162
changes in allele frequencies within a single gene pool
Microevolution
Similarity Between Species
Maximum Parsimony
Macroevolution
163
What is not a characteristic of energy?
Has mass and takes up space
Ability to do work
Moves matter
Conversions
164
What order does the geologic time scale go in from longest to shortest?
Epoch, Period, Era, Eon
Eon, Era, Period, Epoch
Era, Epoch, Eon, Period
Period, Eon, Era, Epoch
165
a large cell cannot move material in & out of cell fast enough to support life
false
true
166
What elements make up proteins?
C, H, O, N, P, S
C, H, O, N, P
C, H, O, N, S
C, H, O
167
any group of organisms that is given a formal taxonomic name
Monophyletic Group
Paraphyletic Group
Polyphyletic Group
168
animals/plants, (usually related species) occur in separate non-overlapping geographical areas
Genetic Drift
Geographic Variation
Allopatric
Nonrandom Selection
169
What order does binomial nomenclature go in?
Species, Class, Order, Phylum, Family, Genus, Kingdom Domain
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom Domain
Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Kingdom Domain
Class, Family, Species, Phylum, Order, Genus, Kingdom Domain
170
How many classes of lipids are there?
3
4
2
1
171
What is the carrier molecule in the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Triglyceride
Protein
172
Inhibitor that permanently binds to enzyme.
I'm confused
Irreversible Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition
Non Competitive Inhibition
173
Conducts photosynthesis within a plant cell
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles
174
What is the class of lipids?
Sterols
Phospholipids
Wazes
Fats
175
What hypothesis tested the conditions of early earth?
Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis
Miller & Urey Hypothesis
Oparin & Haldane
Miller & Urey
176
Prevent hybrid zygote from developing into fertile adult
None
Postzygotic Barrier
Prezygotic Barriers
Both
177
Mitochondria & plastids (chloroplasts) formed from small prokaryotes living in larger cells
Endosymbiont Theory
Urey & Miller Theory
None of the above
Evolution
178
hydrid individual is sterile often due to the inability to produce normal gametes in meiosis
Reduced Hybrid Viability
Gametic Isolation
Hybrid Breakdown
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
179
Extra sets of chromosomes; 2 species produce a hybrid
Neither
Both
Polyploidy
Autopolyploidy
180
What is the versatile solvent?
Acid
Water
Juice
Milk
181
Is water polar or non polar?
Nonpolar
Im confused?
Polar bear
Polar
182
What tools can be used to determine evolutionary relationships?
Morphology
All the above
Molecular evidence
Fossils
183
This macromolecule contains a carboxyl group, amino group, and a central carbon R group
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
184
Which reduces H+ concentration?
Base
Acid
185
A Transmission Electron Microscopy is not..
2-D
Creates a flat image with extreme detail.
Used for detailed study of surface of specimen.
Can enhance contrast by staining atoms w/ heavy metals dyes
186
What is the third step to life beginning on Earth?
Self-replicating molecules allow for inheritance
Molecules packaged into protocells
Small molecules -> macromolecules
Small organic molecules were synthesized
187
fat molecules that have no double bonds between C molecules because they filled w H molecules
Unsaturated Fats
Waxes
Saturated Fats
Oils
188
Major event: photosynthesis, atmospheric O₂, Eukaryotes
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian
189
What did the early atmosphere of earth consist of?
H20 vapor, N2, CO2, H2, H2S
H20 vapor, N2, CO2, H2, H2S, methane, ammonia
Oparin & Haldane
vapor
190
This RNA copies messages from DNA
rRNA
DNA
tRNA
mRNA
191
What are enzymes effected by?
Temperature
All the above
pH Balance
Substrate concentration
192
This organelle is in charge of combining molecules into more complicated forms, and packagingit
Golgi Apparatus
Ribosomes
Golgi Body
Vacuoles
193
a lower potential to survive for organisms whose parents have incompatible genetics
Hybrid Breakdown
Reduced Hybrid Viability
Gametic Isolation
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
194
List the strength of the bonds in the order of strongest to weakest.
hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds
covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds
ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds
the bond between two bros
195
Ribosomes that create proteins to be used within the cell
Bound ribosomes
Free ribosomes
196
Organic compounds that usually consist of long hydrocarbon chains
Sterols
Phospholipids
Fats
Waxes
197
Prevents mating or hinder fertilization
Prezygotic Barrier
None of the above
Postzygotic Barrier
All of the above
198
Long periods of stasis punctuated by sudden change seen in fossil record
Hybrid Breakdown
Speciation
Punctuated Equilibrium
Gradualism
199
What is not a characteristic of Electron Microscopy?
Magnify up to 1,000,000x
Visible light passes through specimen
Specimen non-living and in vacuum
Focuses a beam of electrons through/onto specimen/Black&whit
200
Def. of species: niche/role in community
Morphological
All of the above
Phylogenetic
Ecological
201
Molecules have same molecular formula, but differ in atom arrangement
Covalent
Confused
Isotope
Isomer
202
What is the dissolved substance?
Solute
Water
Solution
Solvent
203
Liquid, homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances
Solvent
Solute
Solution
Water
204
the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches
diversity of life
mass extinction
Cenozoic
adaptive radiation
205
When did life first appear on earth?
4.6 billion years ago
1.2 billion years ago
3.2 billion years ago
3.8 billion years ago
206
Contains DNA and regulates the cells function
Golgi Body
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosome
207
What are the four key elements of life? They make up 96% of the 25.
Ca, O, P, K, N
P, S, Ca, K
O, C, H, N
O, C, P, N
208
Which is usually solid at room temperature.
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
209
The substance acted upon by an enzyme.
Substrate
Enzyme
Active Site
210
What did the the Miller & Urey experiment wield?
Amino acids
Microorganisms
Carbohydrates
Bacteria
211
storage of materials (food, water, minerals, pigments, poisons)
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
212
Triesters formed by the reaction of glycerol and any of several fatty acids.
Waxes
Fats
Phospholipds
Sterols
213
What elements make up carbohydrates?
C, P, S, N
C, H, O
C, N, H, O, P, S
C, H, O, P
214
This macromolecule is made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a base
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
proteins
215
This polymer is double stranded, contains deoxyribose, and uses A,C,G,T
DNA
RNA
216
What was synthesis of organic compounds?
Primitive Soup
Bacteria
All of the above
Energy
217
Def. of species: by body shape, size, and other structural features
All of the above
Ecological
Phylogenetic
Morphological
218
requency of aa (homozygous recessive)
q2
p
p2
q
219
Limits the movement of ions and molecules into the cell
Gap Junctions
Plasmodesmata
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
220
widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth
diversity of life
adaptive radiation
Mesozoic
mass extinction
221
In what type of bond is electrons shared equally?
Ionic
Covalent
Nonpolar
Polar
222
Substrate acts as an activator/substrate causes conformational change in enzyme/favors binding
Metabolic Pathways
Competitive Inhibition
Cooperativity
Feedback Inhibition
223
Denitrification is the reverse process of nitrification.
false
true
224
Master regulatory genes determine location and organization of body parts
Analogous Genes
Homologous Genes
Vestigial Genes
Homeotic genes
225
Endoplasmic Reticulum that is found near the nuclear membrane, and can synthesize and storefats
Smooth ER
Rough ER
226
What energy was on the early stages of earth?
Both of the above
Lightning
Neither
UV radiation
227
What type of lipid is this?
Fats
Waxes
Sterols
Phospholipids
228
What groups are part of the active sites within enzymes?
Carboxyl Groups
Fatty Groups
R Groups
S Groups
229
How old is Earth?
1 billion years
4.7 billion years
4.6 billion years
2.5 billion years
230
Where is nitrogen found in proteins?
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Bases
Amino Acids
231
2 cells are fused to form watertight seal
Tight Junctions
None
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions
232
molecular structure consisting chiefly/entirely of large number of similar unit bonded together
Polysaccharides
Polymer
Monomer
Monosaccharides
233
What type of lipid is this?
Fats
Waxes
Phospholipids
Sterols
234
extensions of root epidermal cells; increase surface area for absorbing water and minerals
Villi
Small Intestine
Microvilli
Root Hairs
235
What is the fourth step to life beginning on Earth?
Molecules packaged into protocells
Self-replicating molecules allow for inheritance
Small molecules -> macromolecules
Small organic molecules were synthesized
236
Diagram that depicts patterns of shared characteristics among taxa.
Derived Characteristics
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladogram
Clade
237
synthesis & packaging of materials small molecules for transport in vesicles; produce lysosomes
Mitochondria
Ribosome
ER
Golgi Apparatus
238
Carnivora would be an example of what?
Genus
Class
Family
Order
239
What is the movement of H₂O up plants
Cohesion
Surface Tension
Transpiration
Adhesion
240
the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
Bottleneck effect
Gene flow
cline
migration
241
force 1millionx force of gravity to separate further the cell organelles w/ most dense @ bottom
SEM
Cell fractionation
Electron Microscopy
Ultracentrifuge
242
Carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Water Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Life Cycle
Carbon Cycle
243
Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy called electron shells.
True
False
244
When H₂O to vessel walls counters the downward pull of gravity.
Cohesion
Bonding
Adhesion
Surface Tension
245
chosen by chance
stabilizing selection
directional selection
random selection
disruptive selection
246
Branch of chemistry that specializes in study of carbon compounds
Organic Chemistry
Carbon chemistry
Organic compounds
Major elements of life
247
changes in population genetics which extreme values for trait favored over intermediate values
random selection
disruptive selection
confused
intrasexual selection
248
This macromolecules function is the storage of genetic information
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
249
This is when a concentration of something within a liquid moves down the concentration gradient
Active transport
Passive transport
250
This organelle determines the function and looks of a tissue
Ribosomes
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Extracellular Matrix
251
In what ways can temperature effect enzymes?
Increased temperature can cause increased collisions
It can denature an enzyme.
Neither
Both
252
Stores waste and other resources in the cell, larger in plant cells
Vacuoles
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
253
The majority of Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen. (78%)
False
True
254
This macromolecules dimers are disaccharides
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
255
a carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together
Monosaccharide
Polymer
Polysaccharide
Lipid
256
The bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms.
hydrogen bonds
family bonds
covalent bonds
ionic bonds
257
proteins that carry out a function in the body
Polymer
Nucleotide
Lipid
Functional Protein
258
What type of bond is covalent but differs in electronegativity?
Nonpolar
Covalent
Ionic
Polar
259
hybrids between closely related species are sometimes partially fertile
Gametic Isolation
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Reduced Hybrid Viability
Hybrid Breakdown
260
Why is it important for a cell to have a high surface area?
They need to contain a specific amount of cytoplasm
To help manage resources and intake and output of substances
Bigger is better
Cells arent supposed to be large
261
When did humans first appear on Earth?
1.2 billion years
500 million years
200,000 years ago
2.1 billion years
262
Major event: formation of Pangaea, super continent
Precambrian
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Paleozoic
263
Chordata would be an example of what?
Kingdom
Class
Phylum
Order
264
Reproductive rate is relative to the max reproductive rate in a given population
Geographic Variation
Bottleneck Effect
Loci
Relative Fitness
265
What is the optimal temperature for human enzymes in Celsius?
10-20
40-42
30-35
35-40
266
group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor
Paraphyletic Group
Monophyletic Group
All of the above
Polyphyletic Group
267
What is Eukarya, Archea, and Archea considered?
Kingdom
Domain
Phylum
Class
268
What are steroids?
Lipid bilayer of cell membrane
A hydrophilic head
Cholesterol and horomones
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
269
intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s materials; programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
ER
270
What bonds fit between a substrate and an enzyme?
Van der Waals
Hydrogen Bonds
Covalent bonds
Ionic Bonds
271
Cells must be small to maintain a large surface area to volume ratio
True
False
272
the chance disappear of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce
genetic drift
bottleneck effect
gene flow
evolution
273
What was the second step to life beginning on Earth?
Small organic molecules were synthesized
Self-replicating molecules allow for inheritance
Molecules packaged into protocells
Small molecules -> macromolecules
274
What is not evidence of the Endosymbiont theory?
Have own ribosomes & DNA
Double-membrane structure
Reproduce independently within cell
All the above
275
the frequency of the recessive allele
p
confused
q
2pq
276
The number of years for 50% of original sample to decay.
Carbon Dating
Half-life
Radiometric Dating
Relative Dating
277
What do all cells not have?
Mitochondria/ER
Cytoplasm/Chromosomes
Plasma membrane/cytosol
DNA/Ribosomes
278
2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
Element
Hydrogen
H2O
Compound
279
In what ways can substrate concentration effect enzymes?
Increased rate
It doesn't
Decreased rate
Both are true; it depends on substrate concentration.
280
the sticking together of alike molecules, such as water molecule being attracted to water
covalent
adhesion
the bro bond
cohesion
281
Common ancestor; slow constant change
Gradualism
Speciation
Hybrid Breakdown
Punctuated Equilibrium
282
This macromolecule can be used as an enzyme, for structural support, cell signaling and more
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
283
The dissolving agent (liquid).
Solute
Solvent
Solution
Water
284
the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor
Darwin
Lamarck
Hutton
Cavier
285
When did O₂ begin to accumulate in the atmosphere?
3.5 billion years
1.2 billion years
2.1 billion years
2.7 billion years
286
builds DNA adds nucleotides to DNA strand
Lipases
Proteases
Sucrase
DNA polymerase
287
Many natural waxes contain esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and long-chain alcohols.
True
False
288
Ribosomes that create proteins to be exported from the cell
Free Ribosomes
Bound Ribosomes
289
Minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution, Buffers keep blood at pH ~7.4
Carbonic Acid
Bicarbonate System
Buffers
Bicarbonate
290
force of attraction between unlike molecules/the attraction between the two contact surfaces
cohesion
adhesion
family bonds, man
the bro bond
291
sharp lowering of a population's gene pool bc of a change (environment, human caused, etc.)
Genetic Drift
Hardy-weinberg
bottleneck effect
non random selection
292
Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules.
false
true
293
Evolutionary change above the species level
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Phylogenetic Tree
Homologous Structures
294
frequency of AA (homozygous dominant)
q2
q
p2
p
295
energy possessed by position relative to others stresses within itself electric charge& factors
Potential energy
Sound
Kinetic energy
Light
296
Mammalia would be an example of what?
Species
Genus
Phylum
Class
297
uses water; used to break polymers into monomers by breaking covalent bonds; catabolic
hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis
298
new species from a surviving ancestral species, both cont to inhabit the same geographic region
Sympatric Speciation
Two are correct
Allopatric Speciation
Original Speciation
299
Fats can be both solid and liquid at room temperature depending on structure & composition
True
False
300
local folded structures form w/in polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary
Quaternary
301
Uses order of rock strata to determine relative age of fossils
Carbon Dating
Other
Relative Dating
Radiometric Dating
302
What is the major component of the fluid bilayer of a plasma membrane?
Cholesterol
Phospholipid
Protein
Triglyceride
303
energy which a body possesses by virtue of being in motion
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Light
Sound
304
the frequency of the dominant allele
q
p
2pq
confused
305
The carbon cycle is a biochemical cycle.
False
True
306
Which loses protons?
Hydronium Ion
Hydroxide Ion
307
supported the idea that individuals could pass down acquired characteristics to their offspring
Lamarck
Darwin
Hutton
Cavier
308
How does carbon cycle through the environment?
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Life Cycle
Water Cycle
309
allele/genotype frequency in pop remain constant gen. to gen. in absence of evolution influence
natural selection
Hardy-wienberg
Darwin
microevolution
310
Differs in spatial arrangement
Isomers
Enantiomers
Structural Isomer
Cis-Trans Isomer
311
When did the first prokaryotes appear?
1.2 billion years
3.5 billion years
2.5 billion years
4.3 billion years
312
nitrates are reduced to nitrites and then to nitrogen gas and ammonia, reduction of nitrates.
denitrification
fixation
nitrification
ammonification
313
To use the simplest explanation (fewest DNA changes) for a tree. "Keep it simple."
Molecular Clocks
Loci
Clades
Maximum Parsimony
314
What is the pH level for most humans?
1-2
5-6
6-8
8-9
315
Where is phorphorus found in lipids?
Waxes
Fats
Phospholipids
Sterols
316
When did Eukaryotes first appear on Earth?
1.2 billion years
3.5 billion years
4.3 billion years
2.1 billion years