During the last ice age The Netherlands was:

characterized by a periglacial landscape

River erosion may cause

Oversteepening, resulting in slope failure

Levee failure can occur at (multiple right)

braided river systems, anastomosing river systems, meandering river systems

The ability of the wind to move materials

is small compared to other transporting agents, such as water and ice

What is the reason that the presence of joints enhances the weathering process?

The joints have created gaps that allow a deeper weathering

What is the difference between ephemeral and intermittent streams?

Ephemeral flows after lg shower, & intermittent rivers have continuous flow

Relic frost mounds can be used as

indicators of the presence of permafrost in a specific period

In which circumstances is palaeomagnetism used as a dating tool?

It is used for older sequences, dating to at least the last ice age

El Niño is a climatic event that is characterized by

warm surface waters in Pacific blocking of upwelling near the coast of peru

What is an unconformity?

A boundary that represents a period without sedimentation

Which of the definitions below describes best what is meant by "parent material"?

Unaltered material in which a soil developed

An archaeological find layer has been dated via radiocarbon date from an overlying layer (10,000 ± 30 BP) age and type?

age of find layer is older than 10,000 ± 30 BP, based on an ante quem date

How can a sandy find layer containing a wooden artifact best be dated, when you expect it to be about 35,000 years old?

By radiocarbon dating the artefact and OSL dating the sand

Which of the examples below is a palaeosol?

A soil in which soil formation has stopped, after being covered by deposits

Is a radiocarbon date from charred cereals a reliable age determination?

Yes, it is directly related to the occupation period

What happens with a grain of 0.5 cm in water with a flow speed of 2 cm per second?

deposited, because there is not enough flow speed to move the grain

What is the difference between an alluvial fan and a delta?

A delta is deposited in a river mouth, alluvial fan at the foot of a hill

The active layer can best be described as:

top layer in periglacial landscape that melts in summer & freezes in winter

Westerlies are associated with

mid latitude regions in the southern and northern hemisphere

a meltwater sediment deposited below the glacier

What will happen when you drop a particle of 0.5 mm in a river that flows with a velocity of 100 cm/s

it will not drop to the bottom but is immediately transported in the stream

The growth of an ice cap is due to

lower rate of melting ice in relation to accumulation in the centre

The transformation of snow into glacial ice in Antarctica takes ______ than in midlatitude alpine glaciers because ____.

longer; due to dryness and minimal snowfall in Antarctic

What is the main distinction between silty clay and silty clay loam, according to this triangle of the USDA

Silty clay has > 40% clay, while silty clay loam contains < 40% clay

The expansion of the Viking settlements into Iceland and Greenland has been attributed to

milder climate allowing expansion to previously uninhabitable areas

Which of the following statements is correct regarding loess sediments?

They are formed of fine-grained silts and clays

extensive plain with braided rivers in front of a glacial terminus

la Niña is a climatic event that is characterized by

cool surface waters in Pacific causing excess precipitation in Australia

The upper, disintegrated, part of bedrock

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Landscape Dynamics 1 Knowledge Test 2

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Answers

1
Factors influencing the weathering process include
only the vegetation cover in an area
only rock composition and structure
all of the above
only the climate of an area
2
During the last ice age The Netherlands was:
characterized by a periglacial landscape
characterized by a boreal forest
covered by a large ice sheet
3
Which of the irregularities in the Earth's orbit has a cyclicity of 100,000 years?
Eccentricity
Obliquity
Precession
4
What type of deposits characterize braided rivers?
suspended load deposits
floodplain deposits
bedload deposits
5
River erosion may cause
Oversteepening, resulting in slope failure
oversaturation, resulting in slope failure
Fractures, resulting in slope failure
Removal of the vegetation, resulting in flooding
6
Which of the mass movement types below happens LEAST rapidly?
debris flow
rock slide
soil creep
solifluction
7
Which record shows the most detailed climate variations?
Marine isotope records
Isotope records of ice sheets
8
Sand sheets are formed by
grains in suspension
grains in traction
grains in saltation
9
Levee failure can occur at (multiple right)
braided river systems
anastomosing river systems
meandering river systems
10
These tilted grave stones are located on a hill slope. The tilting of these stones is most likely due to:
vandalism
sheet flow
soil creep
rock fall
11
The ability of the wind to move materials
exceeds that of other transporting agents, such as water and ice
increases with decreasing wind speed
is small compared to other transporting agents, such as water and ice
is greater than water because of the higher density of air vs water
12
What is the reason that the presence of joints enhances the weathering process?
The joints allow a faster displacement of the top soil
The joints have created gaps that allow a deeper weathering
The joints enhance slope erosion and mass movement
13
What is the main prerequisite for the formation of a river terrace?
Climate changes
Continuous tectonic uplift
Continuous lateral migration to form the alluvial plain
Continuous incision
14
Dunes are formed by
grains in traction
grains in suspension
grains in saltation
15
What is the difference between ephemeral and intermittent streams?
Ephemeral streams discharge more water that intermittent streams
Ephemeral flows after lg shower, & intermittent rivers have continuous flow
Intermittent streams discharge more water that ephemeral streams
16
Relic frost mounds can be used as
indicators of a rising temperature, since they have melted
indicators of the presence of permafrost in a specific period
indicators of the melting of the permafrost in a specific region
indicators of the melting of the permafrost as a result of climate change
17
Which of the characteristics below is typical for polar regions?
large amounts of precipitation
high wind speeds
no wind
low amounts of precipitation
18
In which circumstances is palaeomagnetism used as a dating tool?
If there are no other dating options available
It is only used in Africa, to date hominin sites
It is only used in sequences of at least 3 million years old
It is used for older sequences, dating to at least the last ice age
19
During glacials the polar front of the n. hemisphere was located much more south What were the likely consequences?
They experienced almost windless conditions
They received large amounts of snow
They became covered by an ice sheet
They became extremely dry
20
El Niño is a climatic event that is characterized by
cool surface waters in Pacific causing excess of precipitation in Australia
warm surface waters in Pacific causing excess of precipitation in Australia
warm surface waters in Pacific blocking of upwelling near the coast of peru
cool surface waters in Pacific blocking of upwelling near the coast of peru
21
What is an unconformity?
Sedimentary sequence that doesnt match another sequence, cant b correlated
A boundary of a soil and an underlying sediment layer
A boundary that represents a period without sedimentation
An overlying layer with different characteristics than the underlying layer
22
Glacial polish results from
ice plucking
ablation
regelation
abrasion
23
During a glacial the tropical rainforest in Africa tend to shift
towards the equator: the tropical zones shrank
to the north and south: the tropical zones expanded
the zone did not change much
24
Which of the definitions below describes best what is meant by "parent material"?
Bedrock
Unaltered material in which a soil developed
Material that has been subject to weathering
Material that has been subject to physical weathering
25
An archaeological find layer has been dated via radiocarbon date from an overlying layer (10,000 ± 30 BP) age and type?
age of find layer is older than 10,000 ± 30 BP, based on an ante quem date
age of find layer is younger than 10,000 ± 30 BP based on a post quem date
age of find layer is older than 10,000 ± 30 BP, based on a post quem date
age of find layer is younger than 10,000 ± 30 BP based on an ante quem date
26
How can a sandy find layer containing a wooden artifact best be dated, when you expect it to be about 35,000 years old?
By radiocarbon dating the wooden artefact
By a dendrochronological date of the wooden artefact
By radiocarbon dating the artefact and OSL dating the sand
By OSL dating of the sand layer
27
Which of the examples below is a palaeosol?
A mature soil
A soil that contains fossils
A soil that has formed when the climatic conditions were different
A soil in which soil formation has stopped, after being covered by deposits
28
Is a radiocarbon date from charred cereals a reliable age determination?
Yes, it is directly related to the occupation period
No, the age estimation will be too young
No, the age estimation will be too old
29
What was the flow direction of the water (focus on the top of the photo)
from bottom to the top of the photo
from top to bottom
from right to left
from left to right
30
What happens with a grain of 0.5 cm in water with a flow speed of 2 cm per second?
transported, because there is enough flow speed to move the grain
eroded and in suspension, there is too much flow speed
deposited, because there is not enough flow speed to move the grain
31
What type of sediment will be deposited on the low parts of a floodplain?
Sand
Mud (mixture of silt and clay)
Gravel
32
Periglacial mass movement results in
solifluction lobes
melting of the permafrost
patterned ground
the formation of ice wedges
33
During the last ice age, at ca. 18000 years ago, the northern part of Germany could be characterized as
a polar desert with permafrost
a boreal forest with discontinuous permafrost
a large ice sheet
a tundra landscape with permafrost
34
The sinuous, branching channels (creeks) that characterize a salt marsh result from
the ebb and flow of tides
animal paths through the marsh.
storm tracks
man-made drainage canals
35
What is the difference between an alluvial fan and a delta?
An alluvial fan is deposited in a river mouth, delta at the foot of a hill
A delta is deposited in a floodplain, an alluvial fan in a confined valley
A delta is deposited in a river mouth, alluvial fan at the foot of a hill
An alluvial fan is deposited in a floodplain, a delta in a confined valley
36
The active layer can best be described as:
the layer above a frost mound that is raised during the growth of the mound
top layer in periglacial landscape that melts in summer & freezes in winter
a layer that is deformed due to periglacial loading
the soil in a tundra
37
what does this show?
tidal inlet
normal ocean
tidal current
rip current
38
Westerlies are associated with
mid latitude regions in the southern hemisphere
mid latitude regions in the southern and northern hemisphere
the ITCZ
mid latitude regions in the northern hemisphere
39
An esker is:
a meltwater sediment deposited below the glacier
a glaciofluvial deposit that is in between the glacier and the valley
an extensive plain with braided rivers in front of a glacial terminus
a subglacial till
40
The coldest part of the Little Ice Age (17th century) is associated with a change in sun spot activity, also know as
Maunder Minimum
Dalton Minimum
Spörer minimum
Oort Minimum
41
What will happen when you drop a particle of 0.5 mm in a river that flows with a velocity of 100 cm/s
it will not drop to the bottom but is immediately transported in the stream
it drops to the bottom and starts to roll
It just drops to the bottom
42
The growth of an ice cap is due to
A negative mass balance, resulting in more ice formation
climate change, and more particular to a global increase in precipitation
lower rate of melting ice in relation to accumulation in the centre
↑ precipitation in the centre of the ice cap, from a global ↓ in temp
43
The transformation of snow into glacial ice in Antarctica takes ______ than in midlatitude alpine glaciers because ____.
less time; more snow fall in polar regions slows glacier formation process
longer; long summer days in Antarctica = more sunlight slowing development
longer; due to dryness and minimal snowfall in Antarctic
less time; more melting and refreezing in mid-latitudes so it takes longer
44
Soils will develop at faster rates in which of the following environments?
warm and humid regions
cold and dry regions
where they can develop directly in soft bedrock, regardless of climate
hot and dry regions
45
What is the main distinction between silty clay and silty clay loam, according to this triangle of the USDA
Silty clay has > 60% clay, while silty clay loam contains < 60% clay
Silty clay has > 40% clay, while silty clay loam contains < 40% clay
Silty clay has < 20% clay, while silty clay loam contains > 20% clay
Silty clay has <60% silt, while silty clay loam contains > 60% silt
46
The coldest period of the last Glacial (LGM) is dated to
10,000 years ago
150,000 years ago
210,000 years ago
21,000 years ago
47
The expansion of the Viking settlements into Iceland and Greenland has been attributed to
A change in subsistence strategy, due to climate change
The invention of well-designed boats
Difficulties with resources in the Little Ice Age resulting in crop failure
milder climate allowing expansion to previously uninhabitable areas
48
Which of the following statements is correct regarding loess sediments?
They are principally composed of sands and gravels
They are found on the northern hermisphere only
They are formed of fine-grained silts and clays
They form only following glacial activity
49
A sandur is a(n)
extensive plain with braided rivers in front of a glacial terminus
a glaciofluvial deposit between the glacier and the valley
glaciofluvial deposit between the glacier and the valley
a glaciofluvial deposit between the glacier and the valley
50
la Niña is a climatic event that is characterized by
cool surface waters in Pacific causing excess precipitation in Australia
warm surface waters in Pacific blocking of upwelling near the coast of peru
cool surface waters in Pacific blocking upwelling near the coast of peru
warm surface waters in Pacific causing excess precipitation in Australia
51
What is a regolith?
The upper, disintegrated, part of bedrock
Another term for sediment
The top layer of the surface
a type of rock
52
The process of horizontal movements caused by the expansion of freezing water is called
frost heaving and frost thrusting, respectively
frost heaving
frost thrusting
53
Which of the following examples is a palimpsest?
A period without sedimentation
A plowed find layer
A layer with artefacts from different periods
54
The process that breaks down rock at the Earth's surface
landmass denudation
weathering
mass movement
erosion
55
During a glacial the dry (desert) climates zones tend to shift
the zones did not change position, but only became dryer
towards the poles
both ways: the desert zones expanded
towards the equator
56
A glacier that retreats
higher rate of ablation at foot vs amnt of snow added in the mountains
has a high yield of summer melting along its entire stretch
has a positive mass balance
accumulation rate at base that is too low to compensate for ablation rate
57
The colder the climate, the ......... the active layer (fill in the black)
thinner
thicker
58
Precession is
the angle of tilt of the earth's axis
the change in orientation of the earth's axis towards the sun (wobbling)
the elliptical movement of the earth around the sun
59
What was the flow direction that resulted in the ripples shown below:
The flow was from (lower) left to (upper) right
This is a wave ripple, not a current ripple
The flow was from upper right to lower left
60
In the book the continental climates are classified under which main climate?
Polar climates
Highland climates
Mesothermal climates
Microthermal climates
61
Why is calibration of a radiocarbon date necessary?
a radiocarbon date can give wrong age which can be corrected w/ calibration
Because the natural radiocarbon value fluctuates
it always needs to be corrected for the reservoir effect
Because a radiocarbon date depends on the type of sample
62
in last ice age a blanket of wind deposits left northern Europe. These deposits contain fossil ice wedges. Whats true?
The presence of the ice wedge casts show that the ice sheet was nearby
The presence of the ice wedge casts show that the climate was extremely dry
the presence of ice wedge casts point to permafrost in the subsurface
presence of ice wedge casts show that the climate was boreal at that time
63
Based on its location, the permafrost in the northern part of Norway can be classified as
continuous permafrost
Subsea permafrost
discontinuous permafrost
alpine permafrost
64
What type of transport is surface creep in an aeolian environment?
grains bouncing along and colliding with surface particles
sliding and rolling of larger sand grains and fine gravel over a surface
The process of moist grains that slowly move downhill
slow downward slide on a sloping surface of a layer of sand grains
65
What type of bedding is typical of (sandy) levee deposits?
Imbrication
Crossbedding
Graded bedding
66
What type of karstic landform does this image depict?
Cave
Cockpit
Doline/ Sinkhole
Cone
67
The process of vertical and horizontal movements caused by the expansion of freezing water is called
frost heaving and frost thrusting, respectively
frost heaving
frost thrusting
68
What number in this picture refers to the levee?
4
2
1
3
69
Tropical coral islands form as a result of
nutrient-rich water in the tropical area
crystal clear water and a tropical climate
Large-scale deposition of carbonates in the oceanic tropical zone
70
Which of the numbers refers to the floodplain?
4
3
1
2
71
The Netherlands is in the marine west coast climate. how does this climate differ from mediterranean climates
The Mediterranean climate has less annual precipitation than the mwc
The Mediterranean climate has a more seasonal precipitation than the mwc
mwc has a larger annual temperature range than the Mediterranean climate
The Mediterranean climate has more annual precipitation than the mwc
72
Glacial deposits can be characterized as
A compact unsorted mixture of clay, sand and gravel
Thrusted sand and gravel layers
Deformed layers of unsorted clay, sand and gravel
73
Obliquity is
the angle of tilt of the earth's axis
the change in orientation of the earth's axis towards the sun (wobbling)
the elliptical movement of the earth around the sun
74
The picture below shows:
Patterened ground, with upheaval of the coarser fragments
Patterened ground, with cracking and ice wedge formation
Hummocks
Sorting due to sheet flow during the melting season
75
What is the difference between silty clay and sandy clay, according to this triangle of the USDA
Silty clay contains < 20% sand, while sandy clay contains > 20% sand
Silty clay contains > 60% clay, while sandy clay contains < 60% clay
Silty clay contains < 40% silt, while sandy clay contains > 40% silt
Silty clay contains > 20% sand, while sandy clay contains < 20% sand
76
Karst topography is formed primarily by
oxidation and hydrolysis
carbonation and dissolution
exfoliation and hydration
erosion
77
Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following?
climate
all of the above
regional steepness and relief
variations in rock resistance
78
According to the book (p. 427) subsurface water (or groundwater) influences the weathering process. In what respect?
A high-water table prevents chemical weathering
Water seeping down into the soil prevents chemical weathering
Water seeping down into the soil results in the mixing of soil horizons
A low water table prevents chemical weathering
79
Which of the situations below will contain the biggest hiatus?
A plowed layer
a very well developed soil
A pit
a layer trough-cross bedded sand covered by horizontally layered sand.
80
The oxygen samples obtained from ocean sediment cores to analyze the different isotopes are derived from:
the sediment particles
air bubbles trapped in the sediment
the water in between the sediment layers
foraminifera
81
The fertility of a soil depends on
the salts present in the soil
The type of clay colloids present in a soil
The amount of minerals present in a soil
the type of cations present in a soil
82
What was the main difference between the climate around 21,000 years and 6,000 years ago?
Around 21,000 years ago the climate was much dryer in all of the world
Around 6,000 years ago the climate was much dryer in northern Europe
Around 21,000 years ago the climate was much dryer in northern Europe
Around 6,000 years ago the climate was much dryer in all parts of the world
83
Which of the following is the result of deflation?
erg
desert varnish
blowouts
ventifacts
84
Small climate changes (decades) are attributed to
fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure system
changes in the earth's orbit
changes in sunspot activity
85
What is meant by the term upwelling?
The upward flow of less saline currents
The upward flow of cold currents
The upward flow of warm currents
The upward flow of saline currents
86
In the chapter the Arctic and Antarctic regions are discussed. Which of the following statements is correct?
The Antarctic region contains mainly pack ice
The Arctic region is colder than the Antarctic region
The Antarctic region contains mainly glacier ice
The Arctic region contains mainly floating sea ice, derived from seawater
87
High pressure areas usually result in
cyclones
hard winds
dry weather
rainy weather
88
Which of the definitions below describes best what is meant by "parent material"?
Bedrock
Unaltered material in which a soil developed
Material that has been subject to weathering
Material that has been subject to physical weathering
89
What is a floodplain?
youngest terrace, that is flooded during high water stages
region next to river system designed by people to withstand regular floods
surface created by humans, to allow a river to drain its excess water
makes up part of a river system and is only in use during flooding stages
90
What is the difference between sandy clay and sandy clay loam, according to this triangle (the same as in the book)?
Sandy clay has > 35% clay, while sandy clay loam has < 35% clay
Sandy clay has < 45% silt, while sandy clay loam has > 45% silt
Sandy clay has < 35% clay, while sandy clay loam has > 35% clay
Sandy clay has < 45% sand, while sandy clay loam has > 45% sand
91
A kame is a(n)
a meltwater deposit that is deposited in between the glacier and the valley
extensive plain with braided rivers in front of a glacial terminus
an outwash plain, formed by subglacial deposition of meltwater
a reworked valley train deposit
92
In what part of the coastal littoral zone is clay deposited?
in the offshore
In the surf zone
in the nearshore
In the foreshore
93
Longterm deflation results in
The formation of ventifacts
The formation of dunes
the formation of desert varnish
the formation of desert pavements
94
What landform is shown by number 1?
a crevasse
a terrace
a pointbar
a levee
95
The oxygen samples obtained from an ice core to analyze the different isotopes are derived from:
foraminifera
individual air bubbles
sampling airborne material that gets incorporated in the ice
the annual ice layers
96
Mangroves grow in nutrient-rich coastal environments, in contrast to coral coasts, that are very poor in nutrients
True
False
97
Which process causes the presence of rocks on top of ice?
frost weathering
crevasse formation
by the large pressure of the ice
ice regelation
98
During a glacial the mesothermal climate zones tended to shift
both ways: the zones expanded
the zone did not change much
towards the pole
towards the equator
99
The difference in soil types is NOT controlled by:
Moisture
pH
pressure
carbonate content
100
What is this?
tower karst
crater
doline
karst cave

Landscape Dynamics 1 Knowledge Test 2 Flashcards | StudBud