When the magnetic field of Earth is reversed,

mineral grains on sea floor R magnetized by new orientation

Evaporation of seawater produces clouds that precipitate freshwater because

salts are left behind when water evaporates.

The layered appearance of foliated metamorphic rocks is due to the

realignment of minerals so that they are perpendicular

What is one reason that modern cities are warmer than rural areas?

Concrete retains heat better than vegetation.

Why are plate boundaries the sites of most geologic activity?

Plates interact with one another at their boundaries.

Transform faults are areas of crustal

accommodation and plate movement.

The mineral gold (Au) is very soft. Gold's softness can be attributed to

large, loosely packed, and loosely bonded atoms.

A mineral's hardness is dependent on the

strength of its chemical bonds.

pressure differences in the atmosphere

A mineral deposit can be classified as an ore deposit when

valuable metals in the deposit can be mined at a profit.

The inner core is solid because

pressure from weight of surrounding layers prevents melting

Find the statement that best describes convergent boundary

Plates move toward each other, crust is deformed&earthquakes

Erosion and deposition

create landforms such as caves, waterfalls and valleys.

Limestone may be made up of

shell fragments from marine animals.

Clouds continually are pulled to the ground by gravity. Why do they stay aloft?

Updrafts of air oppose the gravitational force

Contact metamorphic rocks are typically not foliated because

contact metamorphism occurs from heat ,not from deformation

The density of Earth's crust, mantle, and core increases moving toward Earth's center because

Early n earths history, separated to layers based on density

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PSCI 1020 Exam 2

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Principles of Earth Space Science, Exam 2 Study Tool

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Water flows into the cracks in a boulder and freezes, then expands and pushes rock apart
fast weathering
differential weathering
chemical weathering
mechanical weathering
2
The ocean floor topography is
unknown
flat
smooth
varied
3
During the molten stages of Earth`s development, there were no rocks. Which formed first?
metamorphic
sedimentary
igneous
all
4
When the magnetic field of Earth is reversed,
Earth's rotation is also reversed.
Earth flips over in its orbit.
mineral grains on sea floor R magnetized by new orientation
5
Earth's layer with the most brittle behavior is the
mantle
outer core
inner core
crust
6
Evaporation of seawater produces clouds that precipitate freshwater because
dissolved salt prevents evaporation.
clouds retain the salt from the evaporated seawater.
salts are left behind when water evaporates.
salts convert to atmospheric gas after seawater evaporates
7
Minerals are formed by the process of
partial melting.
silica enrichment
crystallization.
magma differentiation.
8
Expensive homes on coastal cliffs are at risk due to
erosion from groundwater.
erosion from streams
erosion from wind.
erosion from ocean waves.
9
Why does sea level rise when climate warms?
neither of these
both of these
Glaciers melt
Water expands.
10
Based on abundance in Earths crust most rocks contain mineral composed of elements oxygen and
carbon
sulfur.
iron
silicon
11
Magma that solidifies before reaching Earth's surface is called
a pluton
a plutonic rock
all of these
intrusive igneous
12
Which does not originate in sediments laid down by water, wind, or ice is
marble
shale
conglomerate
sedimentary
13
The majority of surface rocks are
sedimentary
metamorphic
extrusive
intrusive
14
The layered appearance of foliated metamorphic rocks is due to the
realignment of minerals so that they are perpendicular
recrystallization of minerals.
laying down of minerals, layer upon layer.
mechanics of weathering minerals.
15
What is one reason that modern cities are warmer than rural areas?
Cities are closer to water.
more evaporation from city streets than from rock and soil
Cities contain more species of plants and animals.
Concrete retains heat better than vegetation.
16
Wow! :o You find a rock that contains a fossil. The rock could be
granite
sandstone
basalt
marble
17
Air pressure is produced by
the force of wind
the weight of air
the weight of water vapor
18
The ultimate cause of tectonic plate motion is the
tendency for heat to spread out.
second law of thermodynamics.
escape of heat from Earth's interior.
all of these
19
Earth`s lower atmosphere is kept warm by
long-wave radiation
solar radiation
terrestrial radiation
shortwave radiation
20
Regions in which earthquakes are common are also regions in which
the geomagnetic force is strong.
volcanoes are common.
many fossils are found.
hurricanes are common
21
Why are plate boundaries the sites of most geologic activity?
Plate boundaries are not sites of most geologic activity.
Plate boundaries are zones of weak crustal material
Plates interact with one another at their boundaries.
Heat from Earth's core escapes between tectonic plates.
22
An "ice sheet" is also known as a(n)
continental glacier.
frozen lake.
alpine glacier.
polar continent.
23
Transform faults are areas of crustal
formation
subduction
destruction
accommodation and plate movement.
24
Why are the beautiful beaches on the Pacific Ocean among the most geologically risky locations?
If sea levels rise, beach locations will be flooded.
Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur there.
all of these
Most tsunami occur there.
25
The mineral gold (Au) is very soft. Gold's softness can be attributed to
large, closely packed, and strong bonded atoms.
small, loosely bonded atoms.
large, loosely packed, and loosely bonded atoms.
large, tightly packed atoms.
26
Where is most of Earth`s fresh water found?
as liquid below Earth's surface
as ice below Earth's surface
as ice at Earth's surface
27
Which of the following is not produced by water in the atmosphere?
precipitation
clouds
humidity
ocean currents
28
Mountain ranges that are made up of many folded mountains are usually produced by
tectonic compression.
magma rising up from Earth's interior.
uplifting along fault planes.
tectonic tension.
29
A mineral's hardness is dependent on the
size of its atoms; large atoms are harder than small atoms.
strength of its chemical bonds.
geometric arrangement of atoms
strength of its ionization.
30
Wind is due to
pressure differences in the atmosphere
the greenhouse effect
Earth's rotation.
storms that push air in front of them.
31
A mineral deposit can be classified as an ore deposit when
it contains valuable gemstone quality minerals.
it contains valuable fossil fuels.
valuable metals in the deposit can be mined at a profit.
valuable metals are present in the deposit.
32
Which landform can develop where groundwater dissolves rock?
cave
beach
sand dune
sea stack
33
The inner core is solid because
it is composed of iron and nickel.
None of these, for the inner core is not solid, but liquid.
surrounding outer layers act as a blanket to insulate it
pressure from weight of surrounding layers prevents melting
34
Find the statement that best describes convergent boundary
Continental crust is deformed when plates collide
Plates move toward each other
Deep earthquakes occur and oceanic crust is destroyed
Plates move toward each other, crust is deformed&earthquakes
35
Erosion and deposition
affect the movement of Earth's tectonic plates.
are usually human-caused processes.
occur on land but not in the ocean basin.
create landforms such as caves, waterfalls and valleys.
36
Limestone may be made up of
fragments of granitic and andesitic rocks
shell fragments from marine animals.
plant debris
animal bones
37
scientific name for the dark, tall, puffy clouds that indicate a thunderstorm is coming
cumulus clouds
stratus clouds
cumulonimbus clouds
cirrus clouds
38
how would you characterize the size of the sediments that slowly moving water can carry?
Slowly moving water cannot carry sediments.
large
large and small
small
39
The last minerals to crystallize are those with the
higher melting point
lower melting point
strongest bonds
weakest bonds
40
The first minerals to crystallize are those with the
higher melting point
lower melting point
41
Daylight and nighttime hours are equal
they are never equal
during the summer and winter solstice
in January and June
during the equinoxes
42
Clouds continually are pulled to the ground by gravity. Why do they stay aloft?
Clouds weigh so little, they fall too slowly to be noticed.
Updrafts of air oppose the gravitational force
New cloud droplets continually replace those that fall
Water evaporating from surface presents an opposing force
43
The lithosphere floats atop the
mantle
mohorovicic.
asthenosphere.
crust
44
Magma transfers heat to rock as it rises toward surface. Rocks that absorb it may undergo
contact metamorphism
compaction
cleavage
45
The gases that make up 99% of Earth's atmosphere are
oxygen and hydrogen.
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
oxygen and nitrogen.
nitrogen and carbon dioxide
46
Uneven heating of earth`s atmosphere produces
all of these
clouds
air pressure
wind
47
When the mineral assemblage of a rock changes due to high temperature and pressure, it undergos
secondary metamorphism.
crystal deformation.
all of these
recrystallization.
48
A sedimentary rock can turn into an igneous rock by
compaction and cementation.
weathering and lithification.
melting and cooling.
compaction.
49
Contact metamorphic rocks are typically not foliated because
parent rock does not contain the correct type of minerals
contact metamorphism does not produce minerals for foliation
contact metamorphism occurs from heat ,not from deformation
50
Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to_______
moving toward
moving together
moving around
51
The density of Earth's crust, mantle, and core increases moving toward Earth's center because
Early n earths history, separated to layers based on density
Earth is plastic throughout its structure
Earth's elements are distributed evenly throughout interior
Charged particles in outer core repel lighter 1's at surface
52
According to most estimates, Earth is approximately
4.6 trillion years old.
4.6 thousand years old.
4.6 billion years old.
4.6 million years old.
53
If air temperature decreases but the water vapor in air stays constant, the relative humidity
increases
stays the same
decreases
54
What is the primary mechanism by which plants protect climate?
They emit water vapor into the air during transpiration.
They take carbon dioxide out of air during photosynthesis.
They lower the air temperature by absorbing heat.
They take oxygen out of the air for respiration.
55
Convergent boundaries are areas of
tensional forces stretch crust+ generate a spreading center
compressional forces crunch crust+ generate spreading center
plate collision.
crustal formation.
56
Rocks can begin to melt if
heated by rising magma from Earth's interior.
decrease in pressure results in decrease of melting point
rocks' water content increases
all of these
57
Earthquake P-waves are most like
light waves because they are transverse.
water waves because they have crests and troughs.
vibrations in a string because they vibrate perpendicularly
sound waves because they are longitudinal.
58
An igneous rock can be transformed into a metamorphic rock by
all of these
being heated by magma flowing nearby
weathering, erosion, deposition, then compaction
being squeezed by great tectonic forces
59
Where are tectonic plates located?
at Earth's surface
below Earth's surface, near the core
60
Which of the following most clearly reflects internal arrangement of atoms in crystal material?
specific gravity
cleavage
luster
color
61
If the concentration of CO2 in atmosphere increases, Earth's average global temperature will
decrease
fluctuate wildly
stay the same
increase
62
Planes of weakness are a function of crystal form and
crystal size.
symmetry.
chemical bond.
hardness.
63
An air mass that contains warm, moist air is a
Maritime tropical air mass.
Maritime continental air mass.
Continental polar air mass.
Polar tropical air mass.
64
New lithosphere is formed at
ocean trenches
spreading centers
convergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
65
Wind erodes rock by
grinds airborne sediments against rock & carries fragments
applying water vapor molecules to rock.
applying the force of air molecules to rock
none of these
66
The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are
quartz and feldspar.
silicon and oxygen.
oxygen and aluminum.
silicates and carbonates.
67
The property of a mineral to break along planes of weakness is referred to as
hardness.
fracture.
bond strength.
cleavage.
68
The sea is salty because
rainwater is salty.
it contains salts from Earth's crust
the mantle is salty.
marine organisms manufacture salts.
69
Where are most of the volcanoes on Earth located?
The volcanoes encircles Iceland in the Atlantic Ocean
The Ring of Fire encircles much of the Pacific ocean
The volcanoes encircles the Canaries
70
The fastest seismic wave is a
primary wave.
tertiary wave.
Rayleigh wave.
secondary wave.
71
The water table is
located 100 feet under the ground.
uneven and generally follows surface contours.
part of the mantle.
flat like a kitchen table.
72
Some ________ rock is formed from minerals that were once dissolved in water.
igneous and metamorphic
igneous
metamorphic
sedimentary
73
What is ozone?
a gas that resides in the stratosphere
all of these
gas consisting of molecules containing three oxygen atoms
gas that blocks ultraviolet radiation from reaching Earth
74
Scientists agree that global warming
is occurring.
will cause the extinction of the human race.
will promote ecological diversity
will make Denver more rainy and Athens more windy.
75
Rocks are grouped into three classes depending on how the rock was
located
discovered
formed
shaped
76
What process produces most caves?
dissolving action of streams on rock, especially on marble
dissolving action of glaciers on rock, especially on marble
dissolving action of groundwater on rock, esp. on limestone
dissolving action of groundwater on rock, esp. on marble
77
The size of a stream channel depends on the
all of these
stream velocity.
gradient of the stream.
stream channel's load.
78
The theory of seafloor spreading is supported by
the change in Earth's polarity.
geological, biological, and climatological data.
paleomagnetic analysis of the ocean's floor
none of the above
79
Rocks altered by heat and pressure beneath Earth's surface are
extrusive sedimentary rocks.
intrusive igneous rocks.
igneous rocks.
metamorphic rocks.
80
Spreading centers occur along
transform faults.
mid-ocean ridges.
the northern and western margins of the Juan de Fuca plate.
trenches
81
Most of Earth's seismic activity, volcanism, and mountain formation occur along
convergent boundaries
plate boundaries
transform fault boundaries
divergent boundaries
82
Climate depends on
all of these
latitude
elevation
ocean currents
83
The most destructive earthquakes are caused by the passage of surface waves because they
travel deep into the Earth`s interior
occur at surface, where ground shakes up & down &side 2 side
occur in the mantel, the densest layer of the Earth
84
The temperature to which air must be cooled for saturation to occur is called
relative humidity
condensation point
precipitation
dew point
85
What would happen to the atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land?
it would contain more water
it would contain less water
would cycle between having more water, less water every year
would have the same amount of water as it has now
86
What percentage of Earth's water is freshwater?
3%
25%
85%
50%
87
Moving toward the poles, climate becomes
warmer
more tropical
colder
wetter
88
Color is not a reliable means for mineral identification because
minerals can weather and change color.
there are so many colored minerals.
they come in variety of colors + chem. impurities affect it
a minerals powdered color is different than its solid color.
89
Metamorphism caused by the close proximity of a magma source is called
none of these
contact metamorphism
dynamic metamorphism
regional metamorphism.
90
Body waves
refract at Earth's boundary layers.
all of these
come in two principal types.
travel through Earth's interior following an earthquake.
91
The core of Earth is probably composed of
silicate materials
calcium magnesium sulfate
aluminum oxides
iron and nickel
92
Describe how tectonic plates move in terms of speed
from 25 cm per year to about 40 cm per year
from 2 cm per year to about 15 cm per year
93
The oldest rocks that have been dated by radioactivity are approximately
10 billion years old.
200 million years old
4 billion years old.
2 million years old.
94
The Earth`s crust is thicker beneath a mountain because
mountains sink until upward buoyant force balances gravity
mantle rock is weak beneath the mountain
oceanic crust is thin
95
When you stretch a rubber band you are applying
tensional stress
simple stress
none of these
compressional stress
96
The lithosphere rides on top of the asthenosphere. Lithospheric movement causes
the subduction of continental crust under oceanic crust.
hot-spot activity as found in Hawaii.
widespread destruction.
earthquakes volcanic activity and mountain building activity
97
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer where
temperature increases with altitude.
ozone absorbs incoming ultraviolet radiation from space.
the Aurora Borealis occurs.
weather occurs.
98
Bro predicts that an earthquake will occur in San Francisco. Is this likely to come true?
Yes, because there is a hot spot under San Francisco.
Yes, because it hasn't had a big earthquake since 1906.
Yes, because a tectonic plate boundary runs through it
Yes, because earthquakes always occur in clusters.
99
Seismic waves are classified as body waves and surface waves. An example of a body wave is a
Rayleigh wave.
tertiary wave (T-wave).
Love wave
primary wave (P-wave).
100
Earth's internal layers were discovered by studying
the Mohorovicic discontinuity.
seismic waves.
Rayleigh and Love waves.
convection cells.
101
Which of these does not belong in a mineral collection?
diamond
quartz
coal
halite
102
What part of the water cycle requires direct input of solar energy?
condensation
infiltration
evaporation
precipitation
103
What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow did NOT occur?
The oceans would become larger
The oceans would stay the same size
The oceans would become smaller
The land would become smaller
104
Almost all energy on Earth comes directly or indirectly from
Earth's interior
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
the Sun
radioactivity.
105
Most ocean surface currents are due to
local winds
melting polar glaciers
global winds
river flow into the ocean
106
The most common carbonate rock is
calcite.
dolomite.
halite.
limestone
107
The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the
silicate tetrahedron.
silicate triangular structure.
crystalline silicate sulfur
silicate cleavage direction.
108
Moist air blows across warm water to colder areas inland. What might this produce?
fog
a temperature inversion
decreased inland temperatures
a cold air front
109
Anticlines and synclines are like
strike-slip faults because they rub together
stretched places in a piece of taffy when you pull its ends
compression in a tennis ball when it hits a racket
wrinkles in a rug when you push the ends of the rug
110
If particles in sedimentary are small and grains well sorted+rounded we can infer they traveled
long distance for a long time
short distance.
short distance for a long time
111
What slows the escape of long-wave radiation form Earth's surface?
rain
greenhouse gases.
trees
nitrogen gas.
112
Moh's scale is defined on the basis of minerals that have different
hardnesses.
cleavage directions.
colors.
shapes.
113
When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, Earth is tilted
so that the North and South Pole are equidistant from Sun
so that the North Pole tilts away from the Sun.
so that the North Pole tilts toward the Sun.
so that the South Pole tilts toward the Sun.
114
A foliated metamorphic rock derived from granite is
slate
quartzite
marble
gneiss
115
The elements of weather include
temperature and precipitation.
humidity and global warming.
the seasons and clouds.
latitude and humidity.
116
Where are most of the volcanoes on Earth located?
around the equator
in the Ring of Fire
along the midocean ridge
in Sumatra
117
The physical property of cleavage is conspicuous in
chalk
sapphire
quartz
mica
118
All minerals are
synthetic
crystalline solids.
crystals
organic.
119
What generally causes earthquakes?
global warming
motion of tectonic plates
break up of the continents
the release of radioactivity from Earth's interior
120
Most of Earth's freshwater is located in
the atmosphere.
polar ice caps and glaciers.
rivers, lakes, and streams
groundwater.
121
Where is the world's largest glacier located?
Greenland
Asia
Antarctica
Minnesota
122
Glaciers reshape Earth's surface because they
move tectonic plates.
contain enormous amounts of water.
pluck rocks out of the ground, carry them away& deposit them
move slowly.
123
What geological process created the Grand Canyon?
stream erosion
groundwater erosion
glacial erosion
wave erosion
124
The seasons are primarily due to
variations in greenhouse gas levels.
the distance of Earth from the Sun.
the tilt of Earth's axis.
the wavelength of solar radiation.
125
On what day of the year does the North Pole tilt most directly toward the Sun?
Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Fall equinox
Spring Equinox
126
What percentage of the Earth is covered with ocean?
31
51
71
91
127
Why is the solution to pollution not always dilution?
Some pollutants cannot be dissolved in any solvent.
Some pollutants are toxic at such low concentrations
Water itself is a pollutant.
Liquid pollutants cannot be dissolved in water.
128
Tsunami are usually caused by
global warming
earthquakes
Milankovich cycles.
earth's changing orbit
129
What are the large, interlocking pieces of lithosphere called?
continent
shelf
islands
tectonic plates
130
Alfred Wegener supported his theory of continental drift by
using satellite data to show the continents' move over time.
making connection between rocks, rock structures and fossils
fitting together shorelines of African and Asian continents
using paleomagnetic data.
131
Which ocean is Earth`s largest?
Atlantic
Indian
Pacific
Arctic
132
The upper mantle can be divided into two zones, the
asthenosphere in lower upper, part of lithosphere in upper
asthenosphere in upper, lithosphere in lower upper
continental mantle and the oceanic mantle.
Moho and the lithosphere.
133
Minerals are composed of
common types of rocks.
homogeneous solids.
silicon compounds.
elements joined as compounds.
134
How does the ocean change with increasing depth?
It doesn't change in a consistent way.
It gets darker, warmer, and contains more organisms.
gets darker and warmer pressure decreases and more organisms
darker and colder, pressure increases and it fewer organisms
135
Which of the following is not a type of tectonic plate boundary?
transform plate boundary
divergent plate boundary
fault plate boundary
convergent plate boundary
136
Glaciers are like dirty snowballs because they
are always melting.
roll like a ball.
are round.
consist of debris embedded in ice.
137
Which of the following is not a type of volcano?
hot spot
shield
cinder cone
composite
138
What is a seismograph?
an instrument used to predict earthquake waves
an instrument used to record earthquake waves
139
The ocean current called the Gulf Stream
carries heat from Hawaii to Western coast of North America.
carries heat from the Gulf of Mexico to North American coast
vertically mixes Atlantic near the Southern United States.
travels through all of the world's oceans.
140
Continental plates tend to move slower than oceanic plates because
they are convergent
they are heavier
their roots extend deep into the mantle
of gravity
141
The wind blows because of
Earth`s rotation
the green house effect
air pressure differences between different locations
all of these combined
142
The change of water vapor to a liquid is called
dew point
evaporation
precipitation
condensation
143
What was the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history?
The Loma Prieta earthquake
Hurricane Hugo
Hurricane Katrina
The Boxing Day tsunami
144
convection is a
mode of heat transfer circulates heat within Earth's mantle.
form of insulation maintains Earth's internal temperature
mode of heat transfer carries heat from Earth core 2 surface
form of heat transfer restricted to Earth's interior.
145
The theory of continental drift is credited to
W. Loma Prieta.
J. Tuzo Wilson.
Alfred Wegener.
H. H. Hess.
146
The angle at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth has a great effect on
the intensity of solar energy received at Earth's surface.
Earth's seasons.
all of these
the way climate varies with latitude.
147
Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock of other rocks in "cement". What type of sed. rock is it?
extrusive
non-detritial
foliated
clastic
148
How can rock respond to stress?
It can deform plastically.
It can break.
all of these
It can deform elastically.
149
property many metamorphic rocks exhibit by flat or elongated mineral grains in parallel layers
foliation
schist
lithification
cleavage
150
How are weather and climate related?
Climate is the weather at a particular place and time.
Climate and weather are both produced by plate tectonics.
Weather is climate that can be measured.
Climate is the average weather over a period of many years

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