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Data, Analytics, and Informatics-Sample Questions
Data, Analytics, and Informatics-Sample Questions
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Exam Preparation Retired questions https://www.nbphe.org/certified-in-public-health/study-resources/
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1
What statistical test would be used to compare average age of population in two countries?
Fisher's exact test
Chi-square goodness of fit test
Chi-square test of independence
Independent samples t-test
2
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Prevalence: # of new disease cases; Incidence: existing disease cases
Incidence: # of new disease cases; Prevalence: existing disease cases
Incidence describes Acute Disease; Prevalence describes Chronic Disease
Prevalence describes Acute Disease; Incidence describes Chronic Disease
3
Which of the following is an example of descriptive statistics?
Chi square test for association
Logistic regression
One-way ANOVA
Frequency
4
When a new virus begins spreading requiring immunization and quarantine, what's the best surveillance method to track?
Passive surveillance
Active surveillance
Contact tracing
Behavioral surveillance
5
Which of the following is true for a disease such as liver cancer, which is highly fatal and of short duration?
Incidence rates will be approximately equal to mortality rates
Incidence rates will be much lower than prevalence rates
Incidence rates will be much higher than mortality rates
Mortality rates will be much higher than incidence rates
6
Which of the following is a method used to apply quantitative analysis to qualitative data?
Systematic review
Content analysis
Conditional probability
Relational inference
7
Which of the following is a concern for a mailed health survey's validity & reliability?
Confirmation bias
Halo effect
Non-response bias
Hawthorne effect
8
What is the term for the probability of an event occurring assuming that another event has occurred?
Marginal probability
Joint probability
Simple probability
Conditional probability
9
Why are double-blinded (masked) studies used?
to avoid observer and interviewee bias
to reduce the effects of sampling variation
to increase the efficiency of the study design
to achieve comparability of cases & controls
10
What is a public health survey that collects data on the health and diet of the U.S. population?
Total Diet Study (TDS)
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
National Health Care Survey (NHCS)
11
Cohort study is to relative risk, as:
Case-control study is to odds ratio
Ecologic study is to rate ratio
Case series is to hazard ratio
Cross-sectional study is to correlation
12
The probability associated with specific results when the null hypothesis is true is expressed by:
Conditional independence
The sampling distribution
A Type II error
The p-value
13
Which of the following is expressed as a ratio?
Male Births / Male + Female Births
Female Births / Male + Female Births
Stillbirths / Male + Female Births
Male Births / Female Births
14
Which statement is correct about scatterplots?
They are the preferred graphical method for displaying any type of data
They are useful for initial exploration of relationships in bivariate data
They are the preferred method to compare the means in bivariate data
They are useless when the relationship between 2 variables is nonlinear
15
In a recent study, HIV status was collected as + or - . How is this variable best visually displayed?
A histogram
A frequency distribution table
A line graph
A bar chart
16
Which of the following is an example of primary data?
Drowning incidence from state health department
Cancer survival rates from journal article
Poverty rates from U.S. Census Bureau
Health literacy data from one's own survey
17
What is the goal of an ANOVA statistical analysis?
Determine if the means of two related groups are different
Determine if the means of two or more groups are different
Determine if the mean of a group is different from a specified value
Determine if the means of more than two groups are different
18
Which statement best describes the p-value?
The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
The probability that a replicating experiment would not yield same results
The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false
The probability that the null hypothesis is true
19
Which of the following is described by the linear relationship between two continuous variables?
Odds ratio
Correlation coefficient
Relative risk
F-test
20
In which circumstance would it be better to use a case-control design to study a disease?
In diseases with high mortality
When disease prevalence is high
In diseases with low case fatality
When disease prevalence is low
21
A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time.
Epidemic
Outbreak
Pestilence
Pandemic
22
Which of the following would be the best routinely available source of cancer incidence data?
Special survey studies
Hospital clinic statistics
Disease registers
Vital Statistics
23
What will the cumulative relative frequency equal for the last category in a cumulative relative frequency distribution?
1
The total # of individuals in the given data set
0
The total # of categories in the given data set
24
Which of the following statements regarding disease measures is correct?
Incidence equals duration times prevalence
Prevalence is a rate
Incidence density is a proportion
Cumulative incidence is a proportion
25
Which format would best display the distribution of blood pressure readings among diabetes patients?
Pie Chart
Bar graph
Histogram
Box and whisker plot
26
Which of the following is a source of existing secondary data?
Government publication
Personal interview
Survey
Email
27
What scale is used to assess patient stress level on a range from 0 to 5?
Nominal
Ratio
Ordinal
Interval
28
In a box-and-whisker plot, how is the data distribution best described if the median is displaced near left edge of box?
Right skewed
Bimodal
Left skewed
Symmetric
29
In the construction of Boxplots, the upper and lower fences are used to detect which of the following?
Median and range
Quartiles
Maximum and minimum values
Outliers
30
Which of the following evaluates asymmetry in a distribution?
Range
Confidence interval
Kurtosis
Skew
31
The times observed for completing a sorting task are scored in terms of order of finish. This is an example of:
Ordinal data
Interval data
Nominal data
Continuous data
32
An evaluator identifies several duplicate survey responses. What is the process of removing duplicates an example of?
Process evaluation
Data cleaning
Reliability testing
Due diligence
33
Which measure of mortality will be used to determine the proportion of deaths caused by heart disease out of all deaths?
Crude mortality rate
Case fatality ratio
Proportionate mortality ratio
Cause-specific mortality rate
34
What is the best source of information on adult and infant mortality?
Disease registries
Vital statistics
Hospital clinic statistics
National Health Interview Survey
35
When designing a study, what type of error can be reduced by increasing the sample size?
Selection bias
Type 1 error
Observation bias
Type 2 error
36
Which describes a statistical procedure that performs well even when the underlying assumptions are not fully satisfied?
Non-parametric
Robust
Normal
Classic
37
Which of the following would be most appropriate to represent continuous data distribution?
Histogram
Bar chart
Pie Chart
Line graph
38
What is the term for data for which personally identifiable information was NOT collected, encrypted, or removed?
Confidential
Coded
Anonymous
Secure
39
The infant mortality rate is calculated as the # of infant deaths under one year of age divided by the:
Total number of deaths x 1,000
Total # of live births x 1,000
Total population x 1,000
Total # of live births + stillbirths x 1,000
40
What is a limitation associated with syndromic surveillance system data?
Personally identifiable information
Lack of outcome data
Recall bias
Hawthorne effect
41
What is the standard deviation if all the numbers in a list increase by 2?
Unchanged
Increased by 4
Cannot be determined without the actual list of numbers
Increased by 2
42
What test would be used to assess whether sex is associated with the incidence of diabetes?
Analysis of variance
Correlation analysis
Chi-square test of independence
Two independent samples t-test
43
What epidemiological measure would be most affected by a successful treatment program that shortens a disease duration?
Incidence
Prevalence
Odds ratio
Relative risk
44
Which probability distribution describes count data, such as the # of events occurring in a specific period of time?
Binomial
Chi-square
Normal
Poisson
45
What is the MOST important statistical attribute a confirmatory test must have to limit false positives effectively?
Low sensitivity
High specificity
Low specificity
High sensitivity
46
Which of the following statistical tests is considered a parametric test?
Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Mann-Whitney test
Tukey's test
Kruskal-Wallis test
47
The t-distribution approaches which distribution as its degrees of freedom increases?
Exponential distribution
Normal distribution
Binomial distribution
Chi-square distribution
48
Which test would best be used for comparing the mean ages of participants between two groups?
Chi-square test
ANOVA
Fisher's exact test
Two-sample t-test
49
Which most accurately describes a positively skewed distribution of human body weight measurements?
The mean is less than the median.
The mode is greater than the mean.
The mean is greater than the median.
The mode is equal to the mean.
50
Which of the following statements is true about public health surveillance data?
They only include data pertaining to vaccine-related diseases
They include information on health outcomes, but not exposures or risks
They cannot be used to detect geographical clusters
They can be used to monitor temporal trends in disease
