In the context of retrieval failures, decay theory states that memories fade because

the neurochemical memory trace disintegrates over time.

In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates process of encoding information?

Deborah is watching a movie in a theater.

According to the recency effect, the last few items in a list are easily remembered because

they are more likely to be stored in working memory than items in middle.

Which of the following is true of sensory memory?

Sensory memory is typically reflected in sights and sounds of daily life.

Identify a true statement about flashbulb memories.

They can be easily recalled with vivid imagery.

A main reason rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term is that rehearsal

involves just repeating information, without imparting meaning to it.

Which of the following is true of long-term memory?

It has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited.

Unlike anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia

leads to the loss of info that was stored before event that caused amnesia.

a preexisting mental concept that helps people organize/interpret info.

Detective Dan is the primary detective in a case of homicide. How can he use the process of context-dependent memory?

by taking witnesses back to the crime scene

Sarah is reading a book on the different species of insects found in Amazon basin. In this scenario, Sarah is primarily

encoding the information into her memory.

Which of the following is a reason for human attention being selective?

The brain's resources are limited.

Which of the following statements is true of autobiographical memory?

It forms the core of a person's personal identity.

In the context of implicit memory, which of the following statements is true of priming?

It takes place even when explicit memory for previous info is not required.

"I know it! It's um . . um . . It starts with 'G'," begins a trivia-game contestant excitedly. She is falling prey to

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates process of retrieving information?

Martha is reciting a poem she learned in school.

In the context of long-term memory, identify an accurate statement about implicit memory.

It resides outside conscious awareness.

In rehearsal, as long as a piece of information is repeated, it

is maintained in short-term memory.

Tim is studying for his exam. In context of study tips, which would help Tim improve the task of rehearsing information?

rewriting or retyping his study material

Which of the following statements is true according to the dual code hypothesis?

Memory for pictures is better than memory for words.

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?

It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus.

Albert is listening intently to his principal's lecture on scientific research. In this scenario, Albert is most likely

encoding the information into his memory.

Which of the following statements is true of schema theory?

It has little to do with the role of the physical brain in memory.

Identify a true statement about elaboration in memory.

Relating material to one's own experience is an effective way to elaborate.

To remember his friend's address, Ian recites it aloud to himself repeatedly. In the context of storing memories, Ian is

using rehearsal to store the information.

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus's scientific research on forgetting

most forgetting takes place soon after an individual learns something.

Which of the following is true of memory storage in the brain?

Memories are processes and their storage is diffuse.

Rehearsal works best when one needs to

briefly remember a list of numbers.

Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains

how memory functions at the neuron level.

Which of the following statements describes prospective memory?

It involves remembering information about doing something in the future.

With respect to the primacy effect, the first few items in a list are easily remembered because they

receive more elaborate processing than do words later in the list.

In the context of the depth of processing, which of the following occurs during shallow processing of memory?

Physical and perceptual features are analyzed.

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Psych7 (Part 1)

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Questions 73

Answers

1
In the context of retrieval failures, decay theory states that memories fade because
old memories are constantly replaced by new memories.
the neurochemical memory trace disintegrates over time.
the cerebellum reduces in size over a period of time.
of the occurrence of retroactive interference.
2
__ of emotionally significant events that are often recalled with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.
Autobiographical memory
Flashbulb memory
Permastore memory
Implicit memory
3
__ refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.
Chunking
The serial position effect
Priming
The placebo effect
4
Repression is an example of
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
anterograde amnesia.
memory decay.
motivated forgetting.
5
In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates process of encoding information?
Deborah is watching a movie in a theater.
Daniel is writing an essay on the dinosaurs he learned about last week.
Mike is painting a picture of a woman he used to know.
Alex, a five-year-old boy, is reciting the English alphabet.
6
___ refers to situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of info that was learned earlier
Repression
Motivated forgetting
Retroactive interference
Priming
7
According to the recency effect, the last few items in a list are easily remembered because
they are more likely to be stored in working memory than items in middle.
they are more likely to drop out of working memory before being encoded.
they are permanently stored in echoic memory or permastore memory.
they receive less elaborate processing than the items in the middle.
8
Motivated forgetting is usually associated with
prospective memories.
short-term memories.
traumatic memories.
flashbulb memories.
9
The first step in memory is ________, the process by which information gets into memory storage.
encoding
elaboration
retrieving
decoding
10
Which of the following is true of sensory memory?
Sensory memory processes all the information encountered by a person.
Sensory memory is brief and without detail.
Sensory memory is typically reflected in sights and sounds of daily life.
Sensory memory holds information in time frames of 30 seconds or more.
11
Identify a true statement about flashbulb memories.
A result of special encoding mechanisms for emotionally charged events.
Generally less accurate than memories for more mundane events
They can be easily recalled with vivid imagery.
They are remarkably accurate, even years after the initial event.
12
A main reason rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term is that rehearsal
causes the neurochemical memory trace to disintegrate over time.
involves just repeating information, without imparting meaning to it.
involves chunking of sensory information.
affects the retention of old information and events.
13
Which of the following is true of long-term memory?
It is a temporary type of memory.
It has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited.
It is an active memory encoding system.
It consists of echoic memory and iconic memory.
14
Unlike anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia
reduces the efficiency of chunking.
eliminates the ability of brain to make new memories or learn new skills.
leads to the loss of info that was stored before event that caused amnesia.
prevents the encoding of iconic memory.
15
Paying close attention to one's notes while studying for an exam is a good application of
chunking.
proactive interference.
vigilance.
divided attention.
16
A schema refers to
a preexisting mental concept that helps people organize/interpret info.
the retention of information or experience over time.
a collection of connected neurons that make up a memory.
the formation of diff. connections around a stimulus at level of encoding.
17
Detective Dan is the primary detective in a case of homicide. How can he use the process of context-dependent memory?
by taking witnesses back to the crime scene
by interviewing all potential witnesses
by questioning witnesses as a group
by interviewing only eyewitnesses
18
Sarah is reading a book on the different species of insects found in Amazon basin. In this scenario, Sarah is primarily
retrieving the information from her memory.
activating the information in her memory.
encoding the information into her memory.
repressing the information in her memory.
19
The adage most appropriate to memory function and aging is
"A little goes a long way."
"Use it or lose it."
"Seize the moment."
"Better late than never."
20
Which of the following is a reason for human attention being selective?
Memory needs to be retrieved before it can be encoded.
The brain's resources are limited.
Some information gets into memory virtually automatically.
Divided attention is essential for encoding to occur effectively.
21
Which of the following statements is true of autobiographical memory?
It is a type of implicit memory.
It is a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
It forms the core of a person's personal identity.
It involves memory for intentions.
22
In the context of implicit memory, which of the following statements is true of priming?
It is assumed to be a voluntary and conscious process.
It takes place even when explicit memory for previous info is not required.
It is the retention of info about where, when, what of life's happenings.
It is a person's knowledge about the world.
23
"I know it! It's um . . um . . It starts with 'G'," begins a trivia-game contestant excitedly. She is falling prey to
motivated forgetting.
retrograde interference.
the serial position effect.
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
24
In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates process of retrieving information?
Jack is listening to his professor's lecture.
Daniel is watching a play in a theater.
Martha is reciting a poem she learned in school.
Vivian is reading a book on insects.
25
In the context of long-term memory, identify an accurate statement about implicit memory.
It resides outside conscious awareness.
It stores information that can be vividly recalled.
It is another term for semantic memory.
It stores temporary information that may later become long-term memory.
26
Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical?
nondeclarative memory
implicit memory
episodic memory
sensory memory
27
_____ was the first person to conduct scientific research on forgetting.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Alan Baddeley
Allan Paivio
Karl Lashley
28
In rehearsal, as long as a piece of information is repeated, it
is maintained in short-term memory.
is retained in sensory memory.
undergoes a high level of analysis and processing.
acts as a retrieval cue for recalling purposes.
29
Tim is studying for his exam. In context of study tips, which would help Tim improve the task of rehearsing information?
using mind-altering substances
rewriting or retyping his study material
avoiding asking himself questions while reading
avoiding talking to people about what he has learned
30
Which of the following statements is true according to the dual code hypothesis?
Memory for pictures is better than memory for words.
Image code is less detailed than verbal code.
Verbal information provides more avenues for retrieval than visual.
Encoding is more effective when attention is divided.
31
Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory
is limited in capacity.
requires less attention.
lasts for less amount of time.
is rich and detailed.
32
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?
It mainly involves using the amygdala of the human brain.
It involves analyzing physical and perceptual features.
It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus.
It involves recognizing and labeling a stimulus.
33
Multitasking is an example of
divided attention.
priming.
mental imagery.
rehearsal.
34
Albert is listening intently to his principal's lecture on scientific research. In this scenario, Albert is most likely
encoding the information into his memory.
activating the information in his memory.
retrieving the information from his memory.
chunking the information in his memory.
35
Which of the following statements is true of schema theory?
It holds that long-term memory is very exact.
It explains how chunking reduces the efficiency of short-term memory.
It has little to do with the role of the physical brain in memory.
It states that short-term memory has more capacity than sensory memory.
36
A person's knowledge of the English alphabet and multiplication tables is most likely to be stored in his or her
implicit memory.
semantic memory.
procedural memory.
episodic memory.
37
Which of the following is a similarity between echoic memory and iconic memory?
Both require divided attention for effective encoding.
Both are long-term memories.
Both are sensory memories.
Both require visual information to be encoded into long-term memory.
38
___ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
The Atkinson–Shiffrin theory
The dual code hypothesis
Ebbinghaus's curve of forget
Parallel distributed processing (PDP)
39
___ memory refers to special form of episodic memory that consists of a person's recollections of their life experiences
Sensory
Prospective
Procedural
Autobiographical
40
Identify a true statement about elaboration in memory.
The more elaborate the processing of a stimulus, the weaker memory will be.
Deep, elaborate processing weakens the process of remembering.
The process of elaboration is evident only in the mental activity of brain.
Relating material to one's own experience is an effective way to elaborate.
41
To remember his friend's address, Ian recites it aloud to himself repeatedly. In the context of storing memories, Ian is
chunking the information.
using rehearsal to store the information.
experiencing the recency effect.
trying to encode memories while multitasking.
42
When a concept is primed, it means that the concept is
less susceptible to spontaneous recovery.
more available in memory.
rehearsed with sustained attention.
poorly encoded.
43
According to Hermann Ebbinghaus's scientific research on forgetting
autobiographical memories are the easiest to forget.
motivated forgetting protects an individual from threatening information.
most forgetting takes place soon after an individual learns something.
an individual never actually forgets what he or she learns.
44
Which of the following is true of memory storage in the brain?
Memories are concentrated in a specific area.
Memories are processes and their storage is diffuse.
Memory storage is unlimited in the working memory.
Memories can be stored for a long term in the working memory.
45
Ann remembers she has a meeting with her advisor after her English class on Tuesday. This is an example of ____ memory
prospective
autobiographical
retrospective
procedural
46
Rehearsal works best when one needs to
understand the steps to solve a puzzle.
briefly remember a list of numbers.
study for an upcoming test.
associate new information with old information.
47
Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains
how sleeping can interfere with the consolidation of the studied material.
how memory functions at the neuron level.
how people can remember material for several months.
why students should study for an exam over a period of days not hours.
48
Which of the following statements describes prospective memory?
Memory of emotionally significant events that people recall vividly.
It pertains to a person's knowledge about the world.
It involves remembering information about doing something in the future.
It involves nonconsciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions.
49
With respect to the primacy effect, the first few items in a list are easily remembered because they
receive more elaborate processing than do words later in the list.
are less likely to be rehearsed than words at the end of the list.
drop out of working memory before being encoded into long-term memory.
are less vivid in comparison to auditory stimuli.
50
In the context of the depth of processing, which of the following occurs during shallow processing of memory?
Associations between the new stimulus and existing information are made.
Semantic, meaningful, and symbolic characteristics are used.
A new stimulus is recognized and labeled.
Physical and perceptual features are analyzed.
51
According to research, which of the following is an effective elaboration technique?
thinking of self-references
thinking of smells
thinking of sounds
thinking of physical characteristics
52
Intermediate processing in memory is the level at which
meaning is assigned to a stimulus.
physical and perceptual features are analyzed.
semantic, meaningful, and symbolic characteristics are used.
a stimulus is recognized and labeled.
53
Which of the following best describes the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
It provides long-term storage for three-dimensional memories.
Permanently stores important distance and travel information.
Serves as mental canvas which thinkers can mentally perform rotation tasks.
It briefly provides storage for images, scenes, and photos.
54
In the context of how memory is organized, which of the following is true of the connectionist view?
It states that memories are perceived as large knowledge structures.
It maintains that neurons function independently when processing memories.
It has little or nothing to say about role of the physical brain in memory.
maintains that memory is stored through brain in connections among neurons.
55
Chunking improves short-term memory by
making large amounts of information more manageable.
dividing attention during the encoding process.
conscious repetition of information.
forming a number of different connections around a stimulus.
56
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates multitasking?
Emma playing her guitar while looking at the fretboard
Lewis drawing a portrait using watercolors
Logan writing down his academic goals for the current semester
James surfing the Web and texting while doing his homework
57
According to Baddeley, the _____ is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language.
phonological loop
amygdala
visuo-spatial sketchpad
central executive
58
Which of the following statements is true of echoic memory and iconic memory?
Both echoic memory and iconic memory are permanent types of memory.
Both echoic memory and iconic memory are types of working memory.
Echoic memory is short-term memory, whereas iconic memory is long-term.
Echoic memory lasts longer than iconic memory.
59
Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are all part of the ________ process.
encoding
chunking
retrieval
storage
60
__ refers to situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Repression
Priming
61
Advocates that repression's main function is to protect an individual from threatening information?
connectionism
the Atkinson–Shiffrin theory
the interference theory
the psychodynamic theory
62
Which of the following statements about the retrieval of memory is true?
Retrieval precedes the process of information rehearsal.
Retrieval takes after the information is encoded and before it is stored.
Retrieval depends on the way a memory was encoded and retained.
Retrieval is not affected by how a memory was encoded.
63
In memory storage, which is especially active when an individual retrieves information from memory?
the right temporal lobe
the left frontal lobe
the left temporal lobe
the right frontal lobe
64
Which of the following occurs when information does not make it into long-term memory?
repression
encoding failure
proactive interference
decay
65
Knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that he remembers it, then he is said to be tapping into
episodic memory.
semantic memory.
explicit memory.
implicit memory.
66
In the context of memory, ______ encompasses how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory.
elaboration
retrieving
encoding
storage
67
Which of the following is true of sensory memory?
Sensory memory processes all the information encountered by a person.
Sensory memory holds info w/in time frames of a second to several seconds.
Sensory memory is brief and without detail.
Sensory memory holds information in time frames of 30 seconds or more.
68
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates divided attention?
Riley is trying to pay attention to her teacher while talking to her friend
Kenny is listening to music on his laptop with headphones on.
Kyle increases the volume on the tv while watching his favorite show.
Maria is watching two people fight each other in a martial arts program.
69
Conor is reading his favorite novel and watching television simultaneously. Which of the following types of attention?
sustained attention
executive attention
selective attention
divided attention
70
Recalling the names of the players of a famous football team is an example of
procedural memory.
iconic memory.
declarative memory.
implicit memory.
71
Which of the following is true of short-term memory?
It is a type of explicit memory.
It lasts for less amount of time than echoic memory.
It is a limited-capacity memory system.
It holds information from the world in its original sensory form.
72
Which of the following statements is true of sensory memory?
It contains the conscious recollection of information.
It stores a person's knowledge about the world.
It is very rich and detailed.
It can be improved with rehearsal.
73
The retention of information or experience over time as a result of three key processes: encoding, storage, retrieval.
Cognition
Memory
Learning
Elaboration

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