According to the medical model...

abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease

When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...

an avoidance-avoidance conflict

blocks the action of neurotransmitters

Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...

a variety of environmental factors

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...

you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression

What is cognitive dissonance?

a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions

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Best Complete AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
2
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
3
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
4
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
5
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
parietal lobe
pineal gland
corpus callosum
6
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
antagonists
7
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
8
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
9
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
10
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
11
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
12
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
light purity
brightness
saturation
13
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
regression
fixation
compensation
14
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
mental age
a potential score
a percentile score
15
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
16
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
symmetry
constancy
17
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
insomnia
18
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
19
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
20
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
boat-goat
fill-feed
tree-bird
21
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
22
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
olfactory cilia
23
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mean
midpoint
mode
24
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
25
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
26
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
27
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
time of testing
cross-sectional
sequential
28
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus
29
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
predictability
consistency
accuracy of inference
30
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
shared inhibition
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
31
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
feeding
32
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
33
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
pitch
timbre
loudness
34
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
35
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
avoidance
repression
neurogenic amnesia
36
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
37
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
38
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
39
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
40
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
oral
latency
41
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
syntax
42
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
amount of time awake
exposure to light
43
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
personality
behavioral quality
temperament
44
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
sensation
attention
perception
45
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
46
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
47
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
48
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
49
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
extinction
50
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
absolute
construct
criterion-related
51
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
52
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the brain
behavior
the unconscious
53
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
bipolar
54
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
55
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
56
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
pathogens
teratogens
prenatals
57
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
cognition
mentalism
intelligence
58
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
surprise
fear
sadness
59
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
60
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
perception
hypnosis
consciousness
61
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
62
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
neodynamism
functionalism
63
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
64
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
recall
reiteration
relearning
65
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
66
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 2
stage 1
REM
67
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
68
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
69
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
70
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
chunk
schema
script
71
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
72
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scores
test scales
test levels
73
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
ablated
modeled
retrieved
74
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
75
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
76
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
77
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
stirrup
temporal lobe
78
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
79
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
salivation
tone
light
80
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
81
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
82
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
crystallized
fluid
episodic
83
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
84
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
punishment
observational learning
85
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
escape learning
86
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
reversibility
conservation
egocentrism
87
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
88
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thalamus
thyroid
pituitary
89
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
sing a song
print letters
90
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
91
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
cocaine
heroin
mescaline
92
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
intelligence
reasoning
creativity
93
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
94
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
95
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
96
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
97
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
social loafing
group polarization
conformity
98
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
99
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
100
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
101
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
102
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
psychological tests
103
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
concrete
conventional
preconventional
104
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
means
105
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
106
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
107
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
108
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
109
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a phobia
a delusion
a compulsion
110
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
incentive theory
111
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
112
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
113
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
psychoanalytic
humanistic
cognitive
114
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
shaping
115
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
116
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
117
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
pressure
change
frustration
118
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
119
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
120
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
121
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
personality
mood
anxiety
122
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
123
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
124
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
rabbit
fear reaction
loud noise
125
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
psychological stability
126
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
127
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
gamma
alpha
beta
128
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
129
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
conformity
obedience
groupthink
130
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
131
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
musical
132
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
133
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
investment differentiations
parental investments
social scripts
134
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
short-term
intermediate-term
sensory
135
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
136
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
137
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
138
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
a sedative
an amphetamine
139
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
140
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
social charm
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
141
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
142
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
143
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
schematizing
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
144
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
a personality test
145
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
146
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
147
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
functionalism
attributionism
individualism
148
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
149
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
150
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

Best Complete AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud