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Duplicate of Geology Midterm Cram Session Flashcards | StudBud
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Duplicate of Geology Midterm Cram Session
Duplicate of Geology Midterm Cram Session
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APSC 151 Midterm Review #volcano #geology #engineering #lava #rocks
Flashcards
150 cards
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Practice quiz
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Host live
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Questions
150
Answers
1
The composition of the Earth's core is thought to be composed of ____.
Magic
Copper and Nickle
Iron and Nickle
Iron and Magnesium
2
The tendency for minerals such as quartz to break in a smoothly curved manner is called ___.
Clean Fracture
Conchoidal Fracture
Shattering Fracture
Natural Fracture
3
Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream
Inner bank
Royal bank of Canada
Outer bank
The center
4
What are the most common cementing agents in sedimentary rocks
Clay, sand and gravel
Magnesium oxide, Silicates and Carbonates
Sand, Gravel and Till
Calcite, Silicates, and iron oxide
5
Strike is measured 180 degrees to dip direction
True
False
6
Which of these is not a soil type
Pedalfer
Gullite
Pedocal
Laterite
7
How are icelandic volcanoes related to plate tectonics
Diverging plates
Pyroclastic flow
They aren't
Converging plates
8
Stress is the force applied to a given area
True
False
9
What percentage of the Earth's water is in ice sheets
6%
100%
30%
2%
10
What two factors speed up rates of chemical reactions and weathering in rocks and soils
Chemical composition, rainfall
Rainfall, general relativity
Surface area, temperature
Surface area, chemical composition
11
How much energy is released in a magnitude 1 earthquake
630,000 joules
630,000 richters
630,000 ergs
630,000 watts
12
Force changes motion in objects
False
True
13
Which is not a method by which glaciers move
Plate tectonics
Internal deformation
Basal Slip
Meltwater
14
Volcanic risk does not depend on
Materials involved
Type of erruption
Distance and velocity of material movement
Land use
15
Which is not a way that sediments are transported downstream
Meandering load movement
Bed load movement
Suspended load movement
Dissolved load movement
16
A reverse fault is when the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall
True
False
17
What is the dominant lava type erupted along ocean ridges
Mafic
Andesitic
Rhyolitic
Felsic
18
Porphyritic textures are not
composed of minerals formed at different rates
composed of microscopic crystals
composed of large crystals within a mass of small crystals
composed of ash and fragments
19
The San Andreas fault in California is a good example of what?
Diverging plates
Isometric plates
Transform plates
Converging plates
20
Three factors that affect volcanic eruptions are
Dissolved gas, shape and composition
Composition of lava, temperature and dissolved gas
Temperature, composition of lava and texture
Composition of lava, location and dissolved gas
21
How much of the total water in the water cycle is runoff
50%
72.5%
100%
10%
22
What is infiltration
Water that comes up from the ground
The ground seeping into water
Water that does water stuff (I'm getting tired)
Water that seeps into the ground
23
Friction coefficient = stress required to slip/ applied normal stress which is equivalent to
Normal stress/ Shear force
Total force/ slope
Slope/normal stress
Shear force/ Normal force
24
A hoist can not be formed without a graben
True
False
25
As a self-contained planet, Earth is divided into several interacting systems called the ____.
Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Atmosphere
Biosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Geosphere
Biosphere, Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Spectrosphere
Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Geosphere, Stratosphere
26
Slate, Phyllite, Schist and Gneiss are all examples of
Subduction zone metamorphism
Sedimentary rocks
Regional metamorphism
Contact metamorphism
27
Mafic lavas generally produce
Explosive erruptions
Nuce ardente
Quiet erruptions
PAHOEHOE
28
___ is the controlling force of mass wasting
Gravity
Earthquakes
Loss of anchoring material
Saturation of material
29
Slumps are also known as rotational slides
True
False
30
Which of these is NOT a physical property of crystals?
Stability
Reaction to acid
Malleability
Magnetism
31
What is the stream flow equation
You hopefully don't need to know this
V=I*R
V= (R2/3 * S1/2) / n
HOLY CRAP WHATS THE STREAM FLOW EQUATION
32
Mass wasting is a
Natural process and is only dangerous when people are nearby
Disaster and should be stopped
Natural process that is never dangerous
Name for homecoming
33
Pyroclastic textures are not
Ejected during volcanic erruptions
Cooled very slowly
Cooled rapidly
Composed of fused ash and fragments
34
Which is false about the effect of ice ages
They changed the sea level
They forced migration
They permanently deformed the crust everywhere
They created ground water deposits
35
Differential weathering is ___
When rocks do not weather uniformly
A combination of chemical and mechanical weathering
Another word for mechanical weathering
Another word for chemical weathering
36
Stress = Force/Area, Strain = Change in shape/Size of rock
True
False
37
Faults are fractures in rocks
False
True
38
Which is not a way to protect banks from erosion
RipRap
Gabians
Stream bed matting
Placing a dam
39
In ___ type of bonding one atom gives up electrons to another.
Ionic
Dipole-dipole
Grade 10 chemistry
Covalent
40
The second largest ice sheet in the world is
Antartica
Greenland
Canada
Iceland
41
___ is a strong, parallel alignment of quartz-mica flakes and/or of different mineral bands
Banding
Cleavage
Bedding
Foliation
42
Epicenter is the area below the focus
False
True
43
What is a polymorph?
A rock composed of different minerals
Elements that join together in more than 1 way
A rock composed of different sized pieces
A mineral composed of many different elements
44
Which is not a type of mechanical weathering
Unloading
Frost wedging
Dissolution
Sheeting
45
Which is not an igneous texture
Aphanitic
Glassy
Vermiculitic
Pegmatitic
46
Most lithium used on earth comes from ____
Salt flats
Moutains
The ocean
Deserts
47
The main use of bauxite is ___.
Aluminum production
Copper Production
Cardboard boxes
Lithium production
48
Which is not a component of magma
Melt
Liquids
Solids
Volatiles
49
The Precambrian Era Accounts for ____% of Earth's History
60%
88%
2%
35%
50
On a typical seismogram this wave will show the greatest amplitude
Love wave
Surface wave
S-wave
P-wave
51
Which of the following has the same mineral composition as andesite
Granite
Basalt
Rhyolite
Diorite
52
Fastest of all seismic waves are called
Surface Waves
S-Waves
Radio waves
P-waves
53
Which is not a form of chemical sedimentary rock
Coal
Evaporite
Chert
Limestone
54
Gosh garnet, holy schist call me a _____
Physicist
Botanist
Geologist
Terrorist
55
Cinder cones are
Composed of igneous rock
Felsic
Composed of debris from a vent
Short
56
An atom's atomic number is 92 and its atomic mass is 238, what is the number of neutrons?
27
146
330
238
57
Lahars are debris flow composed of volcanic ash
False
True
58
Compressional stress shortens rock body
True
False
59
Which is not a silicate
Muscovite
Plagioclase
Horneblende
Gypsum
60
Types of mass wasting do not include
Slumping rockfall
Creep
Block slide
Rotational landslide
61
Mass wasting can be classified by
Type of motion
Rate of motion
Slope of cliff
Type of material
62
____ is the ratio of a weight of mineral to a volume of water of equal weight.
Specific Gravity
Porosity
Density
Mass
63
Permeability is the ability of fluid to flow through a solid
False
True
64
Metamorphic grade refers to_____
The type of metamorphism
The intensity of metamorphism the rocks have experienced
The temperature metamorphism occured
Your mark on the geology midterm
65
Which of these rocks is most likely to contain biotite
Andesitic
Mafic
Intermediate
Felsic
66
Density = ratio of mass to water and Specific Gravity = mass/volume
True
False
67
What characteristic is necessary for a sedimentary rock to contain natural gas
Foliation
Porosity
Cleavage
Bedding
68
What does not infiltrate or evaporate becomes
Clouds
Runoff
Ground water
Water
69
Plutonic rocks are ____
Intrusive igneous rocks
Intrusive sedimentary rocks
Intrusive metamorphic rocks
Extrusive igneous rocks
70
Which of the following high silica igneous rocks can float on water
Rhyolite
Pumice
Granite
Diorite
71
Which is not a mineral class
Halides
Sulphates
Chlorates
Silicates
72
_____ is the expression of orderly internal arrangement of atoms in a mineral crystal.
Hardness
Cleavage
Crystal Habit
Lustre
73
In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely?
At shallow depths where two continents are diverging
At shallow depths where two continents are colliding
At great depths where two continents are colliding
At great depths where two continents are diverging
74
Which is not a control of soil formation
Altitude
Drainage
Time
Parent material
75
Parts of a fold do not include
Pluge
Limbs
Axis
Anticline
76
Mitigating a landslide can not be done safely by
Using a mesh retaining barrier
Removing slope material
Draining water
Building a concrete retaining barrier
77
What conditions are required for a rock slide
Where anchoring vegatation has been lost
Where water has oversaturated the land
Where joints and fractures are parallel to the slope
Where an earthquake has occured
78
Most crustal deformation occurs in active tectonic zones
False
True
79
Which is not a benefit of volcanoes
Nuce ardente
Fertile soil
Hawaii
Mineral resources
80
The strong tendencies of certain MINERALS to break along parallel planes is called ____
Foliation
Schist
Cleavage
Bedding
81
The true colour of a mineral as seen in it's powdered powdered form is called it's___
Colour
Shine
Luster
Streak
82
Pegmatitic textures are not
very coarse grained
rapidly cooled
very slowly cooled
formed in late stages of crystallization
83
Risk = Likelyhood/Consequence
False
True
84
What is a major source of heat for contact metamorphism
Igneous body nearby
Friction
Stress
The sun
85
What foundation material is most stable during earthquake shaking
Sands
Silts
Bedrock
Gravels
86
What platy parallel mineral grains are the most visual aspect of foliated metamorphic rock
Quartz
Mica
Feldspar
Horneblende
87
Which is not true about internal deformation
Occurs within the ice
The ice at depth is plastic under pressure
The ice at depth has melted, causing slippage
The ice is under pressure at depth
88
Elastic deformation is not recoverable, brittle and ductile deformations are
True
False
89
Elastic modulus = Strain/Stress
True
False
90
Areas affected by tidal currents are called
Tidal heads
Tidal banks
Tidal areas
Tidal flats
91
Graben is formed when two plates diverge and the center block between them drops
False
True
92
Which are controlling factors of metamorphism (Select all that apply)
Re-crystallization of minerals
Stress, Chemically active fluids
Rotation of platy mineral grains
Composition of parent rock, Heat, Pressure
93
The ____, about 100km thick is the coldest, most rigid and most brittle layer in the Earth
Mesosphere
Athenosphere
Lithosphere
Megasphere
94
Which is not a form of sandstone
Shale
Quartz
Wacke
Arkose
95
Which is not a form of fossilization
Chemical
Petrification
Recrystallization
Trace
96
Tensional stress changes the shape of a rock body
False
True
97
Which of the following igneous rock types is named after a mountain range in South America
Mafic
Andesitic
Chilean
Felsic
98
Which of these is phaneritc
Diorite
Andesite
Rhyolite
Basalt
99
Which of these is not a component of solum (true soil)
Leached zone
Residual soil layer
Subsoil
Topsoil
100
Which is not true of chert
composed of microcrystalline silica
occurs as tabular layers
found in banded iron formations
is a metamorphic rock
101
What happens inside a rock when a p-wave passes through
The rock moves up and down
Nothing happens, p-waves only travel through liquids
P-waves can not displace rock
The rock compresses and expands causing the ground to buckle
102
How is shale distinguished from other mudrocks
It has foliation
It is black
Its cool
It exibits fissility
103
Strain is the change in composition caused by stress
True
False
104
The two main types of bonding that form the structures in minerals are ____.
H-Bonding, Ionic
Covalent, Nuclear
Dipole-dipole, Covalent
Covalent, Ionic
105
Tsunamis are created by
Body waves
Fault movements
Yo momma jumping in a pool
Divergent plates
106
Erratics are ______
Sediments picked up by water
Boulders found in till or lying free on the ground
Sediments deposited by glaciers
Weird people
107
Water pressure acting on a joint plane in a mass of rock does what to sliding stability
Decreases it
Increases it
Does everything
Does nothing
108
_____ is typically formed by metamorphism of a mature sandstone
Garnet
Gneiss
Schist
Quartz
109
The milkankovitch hypothesis does not theorize that
there are variations in the earth's axis angle
the earths axis wobbles
there are variations in the earth's orbit
the earth's poles switch
110
How old is the earth
6000 years
2017 years
4.6 Billion years
6 Billion
111
Aphantic textures are not
formed with microscopic crystals/bubbles
ejected during volcanic eruptions
fine grained
rapidly cooled magma
112
Which is not a form of chemical weathering
Sheeting
Hydrolysis
Dissolution
Oxidation
113
What causes plutonic rocks to be seen on the surface?
Lava flow
Rivers carrying sediment
Volcanic erruption
Weathering
114
Pangea was
A band
A way of life
An era of earth's geological history
A supercontinent
115
Which is not a type of sedimentary rock
Chemical
Organic
Detrital
Marine
116
Which is not a factor which causes melting to occur
Pressure dropping
Temperature increasing
New rocks being introduced
Volatiles being introduced
117
The ____ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics
Core
Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Athenosphere
118
Why are lavas more fine grained than plutons?
They have more time to cool
They have less time to cool
They have different amounts of volatiles
They are composed of different materials
119
Dip is the angle from horizontal to the plane
False
True
120
New seafloor is created at _____ plate boundaries
Intersecting
Converging
Diverging
Shearing
121
___ causes rocks to crumple in the plane of least stress resulting in deformation
Uniform heat
Directed heat
Uniform pressure
Directed pressure
122
Methods of flood control are
Channelization
Flood-Controlled dams
Floodplain management
Artificial levees
123
Which is false about chemically active fluids
Aid in recrystallization
Change composition of metamorphic rocks
Enhance migration of ions
Mainly water with other volatiles
124
Phaneritic textures are not
composed with identifiable crystals
slowly cooled
formed in very late stages of crystallization
coarse grained
125
Dissolution of minerals occurs because most minerals are ionic crystals and ______
Water has a high degree of friction
Ionic bonds are weak
Water penetrates gaps between crystals
Acid exponentially increases corrosive force of H2O
126
Porosity is the volume of occupied space divided by total volume
False
True
127
What type of volcano is Mt. Garibaldi
Composite/Stratovolcano
Shield
Friendly
Cinder cone
128
Anticline are troughs, Syncline are arches
False
True
129
It is safe to assume the block of rock is 1m thick when calculating slope stability
True
False
130
Which is false
Cohesion is the force divided by the volume
Strength is the stress at failure
Stiffness = relationship between stress/strain before fail
Friction is shear strength dependent on pressure
131
_____ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone
Marble
Sandstone
Diorite
Rhyolite
132
Which is the correct order of the formation of rivers
Streams->Rills->Gullies->Rivers
Rills->Gullies->Streams->Rivers
Streams->Rivers (The other two don't exist)
Gullies->Rills->Streams->Rivers
133
Which are types of metamorphism
Assistant to the regional metamorphism
Regional metamorphism
Subduction zone metamorphism
Contact metamorphism
134
The geothermal gradient is the____
Temperature decrease per km into the Earth
Temperature increase per km into the Earth
Temperature variance in different types of magma
Difference in temperature between rocks and lava
135
Factor of safety = Resisting forces/Driving forces
True
False
136
What are the two types of mafic lava flow commonly found in Hawaii
Paheyhey, ahhahh
Pohoyhoy, eheh
Pehoyhoy, ahah
Pahoehoe, aa
137
The last minerals to crystallize in Bowen's reaction series result in ___ rocks.
Intermediate
Mafic
Hard
Felsic
138
What type of environment is characterized by brittle deformation
High temperature
High altitude
High friction
High pressure
139
Which is the final stage in the coal formation process
Anthracite
Lignite
Peat
Bituminous coal
140
Which statement describes a positive glacial budget
Accumulation > Loss
Loss > Accumulation
Loss = Accumulation
Zone of fracture > Calving radius
141
Which is not a type of detrital sedimentary rock
Siltstone
Limestone
Sandstone
Conglomerate
142
Clay minerals formed from gabbro and diorite bedrock demonstrate
Chemical weathering
Mechanical weathering
Canadian weathering
Differential weathering
143
_____ typically exhibits pyroclastic textures
Mafic rock
Obsidian
Volcanic breccia
Welded tuff
144
Two types of flow in rivers are
Turbulent, Lahar
Lahar, Cyclic
Laminar, Fast
Laminar, Turbulent
145
What basic atomic particle occupy space outside of the nucleus
Electrons
Protons
Crystals
Neutrons
146
Snowflakes become granular snow when
Pressure is decreased
Temperature is decreased
Temperature is increased
Air is forced out
147
Volcanic impact does not depend on
Materials involved
Warning/Willingness to leave
Extent of hazard
Land use
148
Which sedimentary rock is usually bio-chemical in origin
Evaporite
Mudstone
Limestone
Chert
149
When glaciers quickly move forward they are said to _____
Surge
Attack
Volley
Jump
150
The _____ is the thinnest layer of the Earth
Core
Lithosphere
Crust
Mantle
