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Duplicate of Injectable Anesthetics Part II SGU SVM Pharmacology I Flashcards | StudBud
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Duplicate of Injectable Anesthetics Part II SGU SVM Pharmacology I
Duplicate of Injectable Anesthetics Part II SGU SVM Pharmacology I
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1
Alfaxolone: Facts
FDA approved drug for GA in dogs and cats (also in exotics)
Cause CVS and respiratory depression
Half life -34 min (dogs); 43 min (cats)
DEA schedule IV; hepatic metabolism
2
Adverse Effects of Ketamine: CVS -- used cautiously with patients with CVS disease
False
True
3
Etomidate: Muscular effects -- Doesnt provide significant muscle relaxation- muscle rigidity & myoclonus
False
True
4
Etomidate: Respiratory effects
No significant muscle relaxation
Minimal respiratory effects
Possible ↑ respiratory depression risk when combo w/ drugs affecting CNS
Induction doses can result in brief periods of apnea
5
Ketamine: S(+) ketamine isomer is more potent –more analgesia, less emergence delirium than R(-) isomer
True
False
6
Alfaxolone: Indications
Induction of analgesia
Maintenance of anesthesia (CRI)
Induction of anesthesia
Maintenance of analgesia
7
Alfaxolone: Respiratory & muscle relaxation effects
Causes muscle loss
Dose-dependent respiratory depression – progress to apnea
Cesarean section: good puppy viability
Good; smooth induction and recover
8
Alfaxolone: Neurosteroid; no anesthesia
True
False
9
Alfaxolone: CVS effects
↑ HR
↓ arterial blood pressure
↓ myocardial contractility
Effects similar to propofol–mild
10
Adverse Effects of Ketamine: Emergence delirium
common at induction
Recommend combining with sedative/tranquilizer
Not a smooth recovery
Skeletal muscle rigidity
11
Indications of Ketamine: Route of Administration
IV
Oral
IM
IP
12
Alfaxolone: Facts
Sheep: good recovery, no apnea; ↓ CVS effects
Dogs –alternative to propofol in Greyhound dogs
Induction in horses
Very short shelf life; Large therapeutic index
13
Etomidate: CNS & CVS effects
Unique - minimal to no CV effects
↓ intracranial presure, cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate for O2
Minimal respiratory effects
Most used induction agent in dogs w/ pacemaker implantation
14
Tiletamine: Facts
Cats and pigs: effects of zolazepam > tiletamine
Horses –never use tiletamine as sole agent
Dogs and horses: effects of tiletamine> zolazepam
Used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in many veterinary species
15
Ketamine effects: CVS
Direct myocardial depression
↑ sympathetic activity → ↑ cardiac output & venous pressure, ↑ heart rate
Avoid in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
↑ O2 demand in myocardial cells → used with caution in cardiac patient
16
Alfaxolone: Route of Administration
IM
SC
Oral
IV
17
Etomidate: Facts
Propylene glycol vehicle V use only
Not controlled, has wide safety margin
GABAA agonist → hypnosis & CNS depression
Clinical use: Induction of anesthesia in animals with CVS disease
18
Adverse Effects of Ketamine: Miscellaneous
Pain on IM injection (low pH)
Not to be used in animals w/ intracranial pressure
High abuse potential (DEA schedule III)
Don't use for animals w/ elevated intraocular pressure
19
Adverse Effects of Ketamine: Cough and laryngospasm
common at induction
Not a smooth recovery
Use with benzodiazepines
Skeletal muscle rigidity
20
Etomidate: Endocrine effects
No significant muscle relaxation
↑ morbidity & mortality in sedated long-term due to ↓ cortisolproduction
Careful use w/ pre-existing adrenal-cortical diseases;not long use
Reversible inhibition of 11- beta-hydroxylase
21
Indications of Ketamine
Chemical Restraint
Rapid induction of general anesthesia
Analgesia
Physical restraint
22
Alfaxolone: Poor induction and recovery quality if used as sole agent; always combine with other sedative drugs
False
True
23
Etomidate - Side Effects
Effect lasts for ~6 hours after injection (not for maintenance anesthesia)
RBC hemolysis (propylene glycol vehicle)
Adrenal function suppression (No long use or Iatrogenic Addison’s disease)
Myoclonus (attenuate w/ benzodiazepine or opioid)
24
Etomidate does not cause analgesia
True
False
25
Alfaxalone: Facts
Mechanism of action: enhance GABA effects
Form: cyclodextrin, Alfaxalone molecule is inserted w/in cyclodextrin
Highly lipophilic
Synthetic neurosteroid anesthetic agent
26
Ketamine: Facts
Highly lipid soluble-well absorbed IM
Given IV
Controlled substance (schedule III)
Given IM
27
Ketamine effects: Respiration
Mild effect on minute ventilation
Endotracheal intubation & anticholinergic drug is req,
Bronchodilation: good choice for asthmatic/COPD condition
Apneustic pattern in horse
28
Alfaxolone: CNS effects
↓ cerebral blood flow
Unconsciousness and anesthesia
↓ intracranial pressure
↓ cerebral metabolic demands
29
Alfaxolone: Miscellaneous effects
Perivascular administration doesnt cause tissue damage/painful
No evidence of clinical interference w/ mineralo/glucocorticoids production
Causes hemorrhages
Intranasal route sloughs mucosa
30
Ketamine: Mechanism of Action
Highly lipid-soluble -large VD
Weak effects at μ
Non-competitive NMDA antagonist
Monoaminergic, Muscarinic & sigma 1 receptors
31
Ketamine effects: CNS
Direct myocardial depression
Emergence delirium --> reduced by tranqs and seds
Altered consciousness/catalepsy
Amnesia, no reactive to reflex central adrenergic stim → ↑ sympathetic tone
32
Indications of Ketamine: Points to remember
Anaesthetized w/ DA – patients dont close eyes, don't look asleep
Adequate lube for cornea
Emergence delirium with small animals
Horses – agitated recovery . Requires co-admin w/ seds/tranqs
33
Tiletamine: Facts
Favorite drug for domeseticated owls
Tigers: great controversy over the use of Telazol® in large cats and tigers
Lethal renal tubular necrosis in New Zealand white rabbit
Pigs –preferred to use telazol+ ketamine+ xylazine
