The figure below explaining Democratic Peace supports which argument?

Owen's liberal argument that values constrain countries from war

What is the primary issue with Third Party Candidates receiving lots of votes in U.S. Presidential elections?

The major party their supporters most closely align with receive less votes

In Krehbiel's view, ideology causes both _______ and ______

What party you're in and how you vote

Why are political parties helpful to voters in elections?

They provide voters with considerable information without spending energy

Desch argues democracies and authoritarian regimes win and lose wars for the exact same reason: _________

They are stronger or weaker than their opponents

Under what conditions might we not accept the verdict a jury comes to? (Mult. Ans)

If jury members are not fully informed about the trial, If jury members don't pay attention, If jury members have a bias against the defendant

Cox & McCubbins argue that Party Leaders "police" the party brand by doing what?

Selecting their party members committee assignments

What would a political scientist say about democratic peace through the lens of Liberalism?

Democratic peace is based on a genuine relation between being democratic

Why might democracies be ill-equipped to deal with Climate Change?

Most people don't want to make day to day changes to cause major change

Based on the image below, What would Cox and McCubbins' first book and Krehbiel expect the outcome to be? (Mult Answers)

C & McC: whatever the median majority party member wants, Krehbiel: whatever the median member of the whole legislature wants

Which of the following best describes the international relations perspective Constructivism?

The political system relies on ideas, values, culture, & social identities

Antoine Banks argues that the late 1960s and early 70s fundamentally changed how race as a political issue as _________

The emotion of white response to black political demands shifts to anger

Grynaviski argues that "party brands" help voters overcome the issue of experience goods. What's an experience good?

A good which a buyer only knows the quality of after they purchase/consume

What is The Bradley (or Wilder) effect?

Voters might provide polls with false information about a black candidate

Which of the following best describes the international relations perspective Liberalism?

States base their foreign policy on their internal political philosophy

Why do Cox and McCubbins think that "party record" (party brand) affects the reelection of Congress members?

There are frequently wave elections (Party prioritized over individuals)

What is the issue of gender/racial disparity within congressional representation? (Multiple Answers)

The absence of a member of a group will lead to less attention given, Representation lead to greater political participation of those represented

How does Brennan justify kicking incompetent voters out of the voting body?

We already exclude some voters (Children, Felons, etc.)

John Owen says as we define "democracy" and "war," there is a "temptation to tautology" What does this mean?

You can change around your definitions so that your claim always stays true

Why are committees in congress important?

Gatekeeping: they have to give a favorable recommendation for bill to pass

What would a realist say is the reason any country fights another country?

Country feels the power balance is threatened/their interests constrained

What's the point of doing a regression? (Mult. Ans)

Testing if indp. var. results in change in dep. var. regardless of controls, Allows you to understand which results are really statistically significant, Provides you with a confidence variable, "real" effect range

What was Richard Nixon's 1968 "Southern Strategy"?

Opposing segregation but supported indirectly race related policies

But! Neither Happens!!! What would be the problem in a world without negative agenda control? (Multiple Answers)

More Liberal/Conservative members will never get their way, Parties could continue offering alternatives endlessly to the median voter, All legislation passed would be moderate and fall roughly in the center

Michael C. Desch argues that the "audience costs" arguments is simplistic. Why?

Democratic leaders might lose an election, authoritarian leaders lose lives

Sides and Vavreck studied the 2012 election to see how various factors affected the outcome. What do they conclude?

Most voters already know where they stand. Undecided voters tend to lean.

Why in the situation depicted below would Obamacare be the chosen policy solution?

It is close enough to the median voter to be preferable to the status quo

Instead, they believe a set of things called The Fundamentals predict most of how people vote.What are The Fundamentals?

A set of things individual campaign has no influence on (economy, parties)

Cox & McCubbins response to Krehbiel is that the "significant party behavior" (the party's power) lies in _______?

Agenda Control, what issues do/don't get voted on in Congress

Lawless's main argument for why we do not see more women elected to office is that _______

Women showcase less "political ambition" than men

What is Rosato's argument on The Democratic Peace?

It is just coincidental. No strong moral values in affairs, not constrained

What does Antoine Banks mean when he says that white response grew to be driven by anger? (Multiple Answers)

Subset of whites are angry abt the "unfair advantages" black people receive, White people do not support issues that are clearly abt race (Affirm. Act.), White people do not support issues that are indirectly abt race (Welfare), White voters place blame for racial disparities on black people

Reiter and Stam clapback at Desch with what?

Reducing the data set and running regression without controls

What does it mean to have a "single member district"?

There is only one seat up for election

The Willie Horton ad used in the 1988 presidential election is an example of what? (Multiple Answers)

Appealing to indirect racial resentment, Initially discussed as issue based. Opinion changed when ad was race based.

Which of the following best describes the international relations perspective Realism?

Countries act in a system in chaos. Acting in their own self-interest

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Answers

1
The figure below explaining Democratic Peace supports which argument?
Hayfare's constructivist argument that ideas keep dem. peace
Rosato's realist argument that Dem. peace is a coincidence
Owen's liberal argument that values constrain countries from war
2
What is the primary issue with Third Party Candidates receiving lots of votes in U.S. Presidential elections?
The major party their supporters most closely align with receive less votes
The major party candidates have to focus more on swing states
Third party candidates cannot win a US election according to Duvergers Law
Third party issues tend not to be major country-wide issues
3
What does Brennan suggest we do to weed out the qualified voters?
A Voter Examination
A mandatory information session
Tik Tok Thirst Trap Edits of Tom Blyth
IQ Tests
4
In Krehbiel's view, ideology causes both _______ and ______
Poo Poo and Pee Pee
Committee assignments and Party leadership
What party you're in and how you vote
Third party emergence and Voter Turnout
5
Why are political parties helpful to voters in elections?
They provide voters with excellent candidates with aligning demographics
They provide voters with considerable information without spending energy
They eliminate the need for lobbyists in Congress
They provide voters with economic benefits
6
Desch argues democracies and authoritarian regimes win and lose wars for the exact same reason: _________
They have a set of values which keeps them from fighting each other
They are/are not democratic and are/are not fighting democracies.
They feel the need to spead democracy or not
They are stronger or weaker than their opponents
7
Under what conditions might we not accept the verdict a jury comes to? (Mult. Ans)
If jury intently listens to all of the trial and are presented w/ all info
If jury members are not fully informed about the trial
If jury members don't pay attention
If jury members have a bias against the defendant
8
Cox & McCubbins argue that Party Leaders "police" the party brand by doing what?
Intimidating party members to vote a certain way
Selecting their party members committee assignments
Threatening reelection campaigns of party members who dont vote accordingly
Monetary rewards for party members who vote in line with the party
9
What would a political scientist say about democratic peace through the lens of Liberalism?
Democratic peace is because USA! USA! USA! USA!
Democratic peace is based on a genuine relation between being democratic
Democratic peace is merely a coincidence
Democratic peace is based on the ideas and values within each country
10
Reiter and Stam control for a variety of other variables and find that regardless dem. is still a predictor for victory
True
False
11
Why might democracies be ill-equipped to deal with Climate Change?
The democratic law-making system is incredibly complex
Authoritarian regimes have already solved all problems of climate change
CLIMATE CHANGE ISNT REAL! HOAX! FRAUD! CONSPIRACY THEORY!
Most people don't want to make day to day changes to cause major change
12
Based on the image below, What would Cox and McCubbins' first book and Krehbiel expect the outcome to be? (Mult Answers)
C & McC: whatever the median majority party member wants
C & McC: the most extreme point towards the end of the majority party
Krehbiel: whatever the median member of the whole legislature wants
Krehbiel: nothing will ever change the status quo
13
Which of the following best describes the international relations perspective Constructivism?
States base their foreign policy on their internal political philosophy
Countries act in a system in chaos. Acting in their own self-interest
The political system relies on ideas, values, culture, & social identities
14
Antoine Banks argues that the late 1960s and early 70s fundamentally changed how race as a political issue as _________
The Equal Rights Amendment is voted against in several states
Black Political Demands grow to be "too much" for Nixon, he resigns
The emotion of white response to black political demands shifts to anger
White response to black political demands grows increasingly positive
15
Grynaviski argues that "party brands" help voters overcome the issue of experience goods. What's an experience good?
A good with minimal economic value
A good which you know the quality of before you buy
A good which is merely an idea, not a tangible thing
A good which a buyer only knows the quality of after they purchase/consume
16
What is The Bradley (or Wilder) effect?
Voters are generally less likely to vote for a female candidate than a male
Voters are more likely to vote for a candidate who aligns with their race
Voters are less likely to vote for candidates with "black-sounding names"
Voters might provide polls with false information about a black candidate
17
Which of the following best describes the international relations perspective Liberalism?
The political system relies on ideas, values, culture, & social identities
Countries act in a system in chaos. Acting in their own self-interest
States base their foreign policy on their internal political philosophy
18
Why do Cox and McCubbins think that "party record" (party brand) affects the reelection of Congress members?
There are frequently wave elections (Party prioritized over individuals)
Congressional elections don't take place often enough for parties to matter
Often, parties determine the day to day tasks of their party members
Congress members will only be reelected if they align with the brand
19
What is the issue of gender/racial disparity within congressional representation? (Multiple Answers)
No taxation without representation
There is no issue People can represent people who are not exactly like them
The absence of a member of a group will lead to less attention given
Representation lead to greater political participation of those represented
20
How does Brennan justify kicking incompetent voters out of the voting body?
He doesn't like stupid people
He's friends with Boris
We already exclude some voters (Children, Felons, etc.)
They won't affect the outcome because they're incompetent
21
True or False: Cox and McCubbins argue that the party has POSITIVE agenda control
True
False
22
Should governments ban vaping?
No
Maybe So
Yes
23
John Owen says as we define "democracy" and "war," there is a "temptation to tautology" What does this mean?
Defining democracy, as we've discussed, is incredibly difficult to do
You can never be able to define every war in history
You run into the issue of creating definition's which are too specific
You can change around your definitions so that your claim always stays true
24
Why are committees in congress important?
Diversity: they ensure that many demographic groups are well represented
Gatekeeping: they have to give a favorable recommendation for bill to pass
Gaslighting: they convince members of congress their bill has always passed
Qualifications: they ensure only qualified individuals are on certain bills
25
What would a realist say is the reason any country fights another country?
The countries have differing internal political systems causing conflict
Country believes other country should be a democracy as well
Country feels the power balance is threatened/their interests constrained
Both countries are democracies
26
What's the point of doing a regression? (Mult. Ans)
Testing if indp. var. results in change in dep. var. regardless of controls
Allows you to calculate your data's elasticity
Allows you to understand which results are really statistically significant
Provides you with a confidence variable, "real" effect range
27
In research produced by Lawless & Hayes, they argue _____ has become a more reliable basis for voting than gender
Partisanship
Race
Campaign Activity
Candidate's Media Coverage
28
What was Richard Nixon's 1968 "Southern Strategy"?
Supporting segregation in order to gain southern votes
Creating a third party movement to gain support after Watergate
Working to shift the Democratic party to be pro-segregation
Opposing segregation but supported indirectly race related policies
29
But! Neither Happens!!! What would be the problem in a world without negative agenda control? (Multiple Answers)
More Liberal/Conservative members will never get their way
Congress would explode like a big bomb
Parties could continue offering alternatives endlessly to the median voter
All legislation passed would be moderate and fall roughly in the center
30
Political Scientists don't believe that campaign events, activities, or even candidates have a big effect on the outcome
False
True
31
When countries think of non-democracies, they perceive them to be _____ &they are more likely to resolve issues via war.
Less Authoritarian
Less Reliable
Less Significant
Less Threatening
32
Desch argues that the real cause is a difference in ________ and democracy itself is irrelevant
Boris
Millitary Strength
Internal Values
Economic Power
33
How do Cox & McCubbins think parties solve the issues of forming a consensus among a large group?
Party Brands
Party Conventions
Party Leadership
Party Meetings Frequently
34
Brennan used what institution as a metaphor for changing democracy?
Juries
Bureacracy
The Supreme Court
Congress
35
Michael C. Desch argues that the "audience costs" arguments is simplistic. Why?
Democratic leaders might lose an election, authoritarian leaders lose lives
Democratic leaders may not always be worried about reelection
Democratic leaders can keep things from the public, classified information
Democratic leaders face higher audience costs than Authoritarian leaders
36
Sides and Vavreck studied the 2012 election to see how various factors affected the outcome. What do they conclude?
Voters are most heavily affected by watching campaign ads/media coverage
Candidate gaffes play a major role in determining election outcomes
Most voters already know where they stand. Undecided voters tend to lean.
Most voters are undecided, with little information about each candidate.
37
Duverger's Law identifies the max. number of competitive parties there are likely to be in a poltical system through...?
Political Parties Competing + 1
# Of Single Member Districts + 1
# Of Candidates + 1
District Magnitude + 1
38
Why in the situation depicted below would Obamacare be the chosen policy solution?
Far-right Republicans would strongly oppose Obamacare, it wouldn't pass
It is close enough to the median voter to be preferable to the status quo
The median voter will never choose the status quo
It is the most far removed from the median republican voter
39
Instead, they believe a set of things called The Fundamentals predict most of how people vote.What are The Fundamentals?
A set of things Boris Borisses (Boris, Boris, and Boris)
A set of things campaigns publish to the public (campaign ads, rallys)
A set of things individual campaign has no influence on (economy, parties)
A set of things campaign is affected by (major events, media coverage)
40
Cox & McCubbins response to Krehbiel is that the "significant party behavior" (the party's power) lies in _______?
Commitee Assignments, where members of congress are assigned to work
Agenda Control, what issues do/don't get voted on in Congress
Bureaucratic Decision making, the implementation of passed laws
Filibusters, wasting the time of congress so certain issues aren't voted on
41
Lawless's main argument for why we do not see more women elected to office is that _______
Women showcase less "political ambition" than men
Voters perceive women as far more liberal than men
Women tend to be less qualified to run for office
Media coverage is considerably less focused on female candidates
42
What is Rosato's argument on The Democratic Peace?
Democratic peace is heavily supported by a values based argument
Democratic peace is supported by the structure of democracies
It is just coincidental. No strong moral values in affairs, not constrained
Democratic peace is supported by the realism IR argument
43
What Color Is This Dress?
White/Gold
Blue/Black
44
In the Senate, out of 1,994 Senators that have served since the start of the Republic. How many have been Black?
11
58
15
21
45
What does Antoine Banks mean when he says that white response grew to be driven by anger? (Multiple Answers)
Subset of whites are angry abt the "unfair advantages" black people receive
White people do not support issues that are clearly abt race (Affirm. Act.)
White people do not support issues that are indirectly abt race (Welfare)
White voters place blame for racial disparities on black people
46
Ordershook & Shetsova argue that rules push a system towards a certain # of parties but WHAT OTHER ELEMENT matters too?
Checks and Balances
Ethnic Cleavages
Candidate Demographics
Media Coverage
47
Reiter and Stam clapback at Desch with what?
Expanding the data set and eliminating WWI and WWII
Reducing the data set and running regression without controls
Correct regression math and an expanded data set
Including 500+ wars that only the U.S. fought
48
What does it mean to have a "single member district"?
Its District 12 from the Hunger Games, and Katniss wins against the capitol
There is only one seat up for election
Only one candidate is running, unopposed
The district have one electoral vote in the electoral college
49
The Willie Horton ad used in the 1988 presidential election is an example of what? (Multiple Answers)
Appealing to indirect racial resentment
Attack ad highlighting extreme policy that wasn't happening anywhere else
Appealing to African American voters directly
Initially discussed as issue based. Opinion changed when ad was race based.
50
Which of the following best describes the international relations perspective Realism?
The political system relies on ideas, values, culture, & social identities
States base their foreign policy on their internal political philosophy
Countries act in a system in chaos. Acting in their own self-interest
51
Ross Mittiga notes that the core role of any government is to ______ and its legitimacy is linked to achieving that goal
Ensure Common Good
Raise taxes
Represent their Citizens
Keep Citizens Safe
52
For every policy issue there is an existing ________; legislators can pass legislation to change it or keep it as it is.
Elected Expert
Congressional Committee
Status Quo
Party Brand
53
Why might democracies be more selective in picking fights than non-democracies? (Mult Ans)
Other countries take democratic threats more seriously (Audience Costs)
Democratic countries must pass all warfare through their legislative bodies
Democratic Leaders won't start wars they know they can't win (Aud Costs)
Democracies are more open, media provides reliable info on military failure
54
According to Krehbiel, Why is it that most people who vote like the party leaders get better committee positions?
The party elects the leader, that's how the majority of the party looks
The party leader is a randomly selected member of the party caucus
The party leader typically has extremist party views
The party brand is supported by all members of the party equally
55
If Cox & McCubbins are right, what should we see affects committee assignments?
Popularity, high voter turnout means high committee placement
Party Loyalty, voting with your party leader & party whip
Their personal relationship with Professor Boris Heersink
Party brand, the issues prioritized by the party
56
The American Voter introduces The Funnel of Causality. What is the biggest predictor of voting behavior in the funnel?
Candidate Demographic
Campaign Activity
Historical Patterns
Party Attachment
57
Reiter and Stam argue that democracy makes country more ______ and more _____ which leads to them winning war
Wealthy, Strategic
Boris, Heersink
Moral, Significant
Selective, Effective
58
What did Cox & McCubbins look at to test if party loyalty affected committee placement?
Historical records of which party members sat on which committees
Transcripts of interviews with party leaders
A simulated virtual reality congress in which AI generated the committees
Approval of transfer requests to important committees
59
By definition, Whichever party the median voter is a member of is the ___________
Winning Party
Legislating Party
Majority Party
Minority Party
60
If the p value is below _____ we consider the result statistically significant from zero.
0.1
1
0.05
0.025
61
What is, as Mittiga refers to it, Conditional Legitimacy?
The process. HOW a govt goes about keeping citizens safe.
The outcome. WHAT is done to keep citizens safe
The reasoning. WHY a govt keeps its citizens safe
62
The actual number of parties is the product of an interaction between the ______ and the _____
Electoral System (Bolton & Montez) & Media Coverage (B & S)
Number of Competing Parties (O & S) & Duverger's Law
Maximum # Possible (Duverger) & Cleavages in Society (O & S, "Necessary")
Swifties & Beyhive
63
Cox & McCubbins note that a "party record" produces a Collective Action Problem. What is a collective action problem?
Individuals can not work together to achieve common good
A group of people have to work together for a result they all benefit from
A group of people assign one person to take charge of the work
The principal may not know what work the agents actually acheive
64
Party attachment can change over time, but often it is pretty 'sticky' because the _______ is/are pretty consistent
Economic Landscape
Underlying social group membership
Candidate's viewpoints
Election Rules
65
What are some of Reiter and Stam's data mistakes that Desch brings up? (Mult. Ans)
Including a huge # of wars in which countries were dramatically outmatched
The coding of different war victories (WWII as a victory for all allies)
They don't account for the constructivist argument of IR
Their regression calculations were not done properly
66
Why are democracies more effective at fighting wars than non democracies? (Mult. Ans)
Democracies are more effective economic organizations
Democracies form major coalitions with other democracies
Democracies are often based in revolution/rebellion
Democracies moral values provide strength in warfare
67
The negative effects of going to war for leaders of democratic countries is HIGHER than for leaders of other regimes
True
False
68
Lawless and Fox find several variables are indicators of sparking interest in running for office. They are...? (Mul Ans)
Having parents encourage you to run for office one day
Self-Confidence
Engaging in competitive exercises (Sports, Student Gov.)
Engaging in political debates in school/college or showing interest in polt
69
What is "The Democratic Peace"?
Democracy leads to greater living standards within a country
Democratic Countries tend to go to war less than Authoritarian Regimes
The United States Cold War approach promoted democracy across the globe
Democratic Countries generally don't fight wars with other democracies
70
What is District Magnitude?
The number of seats available in each specific race in an election
The number of voters within a particular voting district
The number of districts within a particular election
The number of districts a particular candidate wins in an election
71
Grynaviski argues that party brands function as what?
A system to ensure that only intelligent candidates run for office
A guarantee that nothing more extreme than the brand will make it through
A stronghold of democracy, ensuring the democratic system functions well
A surefire way to eliminate contention within the process of government
72
Parties do not have complete power over legislation, and cannot force members to pass legislation. They will only ______
Vote on legislation perfectly aligning with their ideology
Bring legislation to a vote that a majority of the majority agrees on
Give the most loyal members the highest committee assignments
Stick to the status quo
73
Campaigns cant change the behavior of 40% of the electorate, they can change 3%. What should campaigns target?
Voters with limited information about the state of the economy
Changing The Fundamentals to favor their campaign
Members of the opposition party
Undecided voters in swing states
74
What was Keith Krehbiel's major criticism of Cox and McCubbins' book?
C & McC did not appropriately measure Party Loyalty within both parties
C & McC did not appropriately account for genuine Ideology affecting voting
C & McC did not have an appropriate Sample Size within their date
C & McC failed to appropraitely run a Regression for control variables
75
True or False: Female Legislators work together (across the aisle) to pass legislation that benefits women.
True
False
76
Owen argues that explanations fall along structural and normative lines. What is the structural argument? (Mult Answers)
The way democracies function makes it harder for them to fight democracies
Democracies values and ideals keep them from starting a war with each other
Checks and Balances make democracies less likely to actually start a war
In authoritarian regimes, one person can start a war. Dem. needs large body
77
Guerrero proposes Lotocracy. What is Lotocracy?
Elected Officials are elected from each demographic needing representation
Elected Officials are Randomly Selected going off of expert opinion
Elected officials are a power elite who all attended the debutant ball
Elected Officials Are All Experts In Their Fields
78
Reiter and Stam introduce two basic categories for why democracies are better at winning wars. Whats one? (Mult. Ans)
Democracies are more selective about the wars they start
Democratic leaders have more military expertise
Democracies are better at waging war than non-democracies
Democracies set of values prevent them from any brutal warfare
79
What did Cox & McCubbins conclude?
Higher party loyalty means higher chance of approved transfer requests
Party loyalty does not affect committee placements
Higher party loyalty means a lower chance of coinciding with party brand
Lower party loyalty means lower chance of reelection
80
Which of the following is a reason why Martin Van Buren defended party competition? (Multiple Answers)
Abuse of power is best controlled by having a competitive opposition party
Party competition means elites will not dominate politics
Disputes are more likely to be based on policy disagreements not geography
Voters are more likely to participate if there is genuine competition
81
Why is Cox & McCubbins' model from their second book (as depicted in the image below) helpful? (Multiple Answers)
Understand why parties might choose to play to the most extreme left/right
Understand why parties can't just push through policy proposals
Understand why parties might prefer to do nothing rather than pass a bill
Understand why bills with majority of the majority support rarely fail
82
True or False: Cox and McCubbins believe that parties in Congress are fundamental in shaping the legislative agenda.
True
False
83
Brennan argues there should be constraints on who is allowed to vote based on their _____ to participate in dem. process
Value
Enjoyment
Willingness
Competence
84
What is Negative Agenda Control? Why is it helpful?
Only majority party can introduce legislation, per congressional rules.
Occupying the pulpit for a long period of time so issues aren't voted on
Negative recommendations to party members on unfavorable legislation
Block legislation from consideration.Stop other party offering alternatives
85
Liberalist Polit Sci counter Rosato, claiming Dem. Peace relies on 3 pillars working together. Which is not a pillar?
Dem. Representation puts a limit on what a govt can get away with
Economic trade between democracies increases the cost of war
Democratic country's security alliances actively prevent ongoing warfare
Shared liberal values create a level of respect between democracies

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