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PSYC 1 Final Review (Part 1: Principles - Personality)) Flashcards | StudBud
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PSYC 1 Final Review (Part 1: Principles - Personality))
PSYC 1 Final Review (Part 1: Principles - Personality))
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1
What are the retina layers, in order from front to back of the eye?
Bipolar cells --> photoreceptors --> ganglion cells
ganglion cells --> photoreceptors --> Bipolar cells
ganglion cells --> Bipolar cells --> photoreceptors
Photoreceptors --> bipolar cells --> ganglion cells
2
What is the basic concept of the Rescorla-Wagner model?
Learning = what happened - what we want to happen
Learning = what we want to happen - what happened
Learning = what was predicted to happen - what happened
Learning = what happened - what was predicted to happen
3
Learning will only occur if prediction error occurs
True
False
4
Which factors influence obedience to authority? Select all that apply.
Unanimity/dissent among authority
Immediacy to participants/authority
Fragmentation of action
The task the authority is asking one to do
5
What are morphemes?
Smallest meaningful unit in a language
Basic sound units of a language
Sentence structure
Rules for ordering phonemes
6
What are the types of social influence that affect our behavior in a given situation?
Normative and humanistic
Informational and substantial
Humanistic and informational
Informational and normative
7
What aspects of a stimulus do V1 cells pay attention to?
Location and speed
Location and orientation (in their given receptive field)
Orientation and speed
Whether they are moving and location
8
Consciousness is black-and-white, not a gradient
False
True
9
What is hypnosis?
Making one unable to move (get out vibes)
A myth
A state of deep relaxation by creating an altered state of consciousness
Changing one's memories on an event
10
What experiemnt proves the importance of contact comfort in development?
Harry Harlow's cloth/wire monkeys
Monkeys touch mother for the 1st time right after birth vs a few days later
Nursing babies on mother's milk versus non-mother's milk
11
What are some examples of projective measures for personality? Select all that apply.
Inventories
Thematic apperception test
Self-reports
Rorschach inkblots
12
Color is influenced by wavelengths of light reflecting off of an object
True
False
13
Which structures in the limbic system are associated with emotion? Select all that apply
Hippocampus
Occipital lobe
Insula
Amygdala
14
When we speak, we move from ___ structure to ___ structure
Deep, surface
Surface, deep
15
What is factor analysis?
Looking at if there are factors that underlie performance on specific tasks
Looking at one's reading, writing, and mathematics skills
A mathematical process used to measure intelligence
A mathematical process used to measure one's ability to learn
16
Which personality trait is affected by the ARAS (ascending reticular activating system)?
Comfort and discomfort
Happiness and sadness
Introversion and Extraversion
Excitement and boredom
17
The _____ _____ is responsible for instant gratification, while the ____ ____ helps us make rational decisions
prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens
Nucleus accumbens, insula
Insula, amygdala
Nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex
18
"Nurture" is the only important factor in terms of one's environment
False
True
19
What are the types of observational studies?
Longitudinal and crossectional
Borderline and controlled
Dynamic and static
Generalized and specified
20
What is Bandura's blowup doll study an example of?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement
Observational/social learning
21
What are the types of synaptic integration?
Broad and specific summation
Wide and narrow summation
Cross-cutting and particular summation
Spatial and temporal summation
22
Which acronym describes the main personality factors?
WAVE
OCEAN
SWIM
23
What is 'g'?
great gatsby
good soup
Generalized intelligence
general special skills
24
How rods and cones are wired to bipolar cells: rods use ____ summation while cones use ____ summation
Spatial, temporal
grouped, singular
Temporal, spatial
singular, grouped
25
T/F: emotions can be expressed in abstract forms such as shapes and music
True
False
26
What is the second main organizing principle?
The brain is influenced by natural selection
There are cognitive and physical levels of the brain
Psychology is an interdisciplinary field
Prosopagnosia is the ~coolest~ disorder
27
Correlation implies causation
False
True
28
What are phonemes?
Rules for ordering morphemes
Order of a sentence
Smallest meaningful unit in a language
Basic sound units of a language
29
What two conclusions can be made from patient HM about long term memory?
There is a dissociation between sensory memory and long term memory
There is a dissociation between episodic LTM and procedural LTM
There is a dissociation between short term memory and long term memory
30
What is deep brain stimulation? Is it considered invasive?
Controlling neurons by turning them off; yes
Controlling neurons by turning them off; no
Using electrical stimulation to reboot parts of the brain; yes
Using electrical stimulation to reboot parts of the brain; no
31
What is the relationship between testosterone, pair bonding, and eye contact?
High testosterone = high pair bonding = low eye contact
Low testosterone = high pair bonding = low eye contact
High testosterone = low pair bonding = low eye contact
32
What effect is associated with why we feel horoscopes are accurate, even though they aren't?
Barnum effect
Bailey effect
Broadening effect
33
How does an fMRI work?
Inject a radioactive substance and look at highly active brain areas
Sending a powerful magnetic pulse throughout the brain
A magnet takes pictures of the brain, looking at nitrogen levels
A magnet takes pictures of the brain, looking at oxygen levels
34
What is a case study?
Combining data from multiple studies that look at similar concepts
Looking at the effects of a specific treatment over time
An experiement that uses variables that cannot be manipulated
An investigation of someone or something with interesting characteristics
35
What is the stroop effect?
Having difficulty naming the color of a word rather than the word itself
Losing consciousness due to hypnosis
Inability to perceive motion
Seeing color when you're not supposed to
36
Studies of family influence on development always control for genetic effects
True
False
37
Which cultural term defines the USA best?
Disconnected culture
Collectivist culture
Individualist culture
Connected culture
38
What are the two main brain processes to process information?
Circular and parallel processing
Cyclic and static processing
Bottom-up and top-down processing
Top-up and bottom-down processing
39
What is the fourth main organizing principle?
We have brain areas for vision, color, and motion
Psychology has nothing to do with the study of organs
Different brain regions have different functions
Most psychological processes occur outside of our awareness
40
What are the two factors that determine the scale of a certain emotion?
Valence and Strength
Valence and Arousal
Strength and Pleasentness
Pleasentness and Arousal
41
What is an experimental study?
Analyzing genes to see if there is a mutation
Observing participants' behavior
Recording what you observe in a participant
Checking a relationship between ind. and dep. variables + a control group
42
What is the opponent process theory?
The visual and motor areas of the brain overlap
We cannot see some pairs of colors at the same time
Certain pairs of colors have an opponent relationship
Different cones in photoreceptors compete for space
43
Rods are concentrated at the ____ of the retina, cones are concentrated at the ______ of the retina
Periphery, fovea/center
Inside, outside
Outside, inside
Fovea/center, periphery
44
What is change blindness?
Having distorted perception processes in general
Inability to perceive faces
Sometimes we are blind to large changes in a scene
A visual disorder in which one cannot visualize movement
45
What is the most effective testing strategy?
Rereading notes and cramming
Highlighting the textbook
Rewriting notes
Self testing over a longer period of time
46
What is an observational study?
There is no experimental manipulation, you just record what you see
Using variables to analyze a cause/effect relationship
Looking at the correlation between 2 variables
Using gene sequencing to predict behavior
47
What term matches this definition: an aversive state resulting from challenges to people's sense of themselves
Confirmation bias
Cognitive dissonance
Bystander effect
Narrow perception
48
T/F: Psychologists expected that 50% of participants would eventually give the full shock in Milgram's experiments.
True
False
49
Who is the pioneer of developmental psychology?
Jean Piaget
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
Albert Bandura
50
What is Theory of Mind?
Understanding that other people have minds
Understanding that people have thoughts that can be similar to ours
Understanding that people have thoughts that can be different from our own
51
What is the condition called when the corpus callosum is severed?
Bad brain
Half brain
~~ BIG brain ~~
Split brain
52
Empathy is a gradient, with _____ having none and ___ ____ having an excessive amount.
Psychopaths, extreme altruists
Extreme altruists, psychopaths
Murderers, organ donators
Psychologists, medical doctors
53
How do illusions relate to consciousness?
Illusions show we consciously use prior knowledge to analyze a scene
Illusions prove all of our visual systems are impaired
To cope w/ limited input, the brain makes assumptions without our awareness
The brain lies to us just to confuse us
54
Which hormone is important for pair bonding and sociality?
Adrenaline
Estrogen
Cortisol
Oxytocin
55
Why do we have a blind spot?
There are no photoreceptors where the optic nerve leaves the retina
It is an evolutionary adaptation to percieve less stimuli
There are no neurons where the optic nerve leaves the retina
56
What are the main fallacies relating to intelligence? (select all that apply)
If variation is x% due to genes, then intelligence is x% due to genes
One's intelligence cannot improve since it's genetic
Genes are a major factor for intelligence
Since intelligence is based on genetics, parenting doesn't matter
57
What types of memories are particularly easy to store in long term memory?
Perceptual
Visual
Auditory
Sensory
58
What is a prominent example of the bystander intervention effect?
The murder of Kitty Grant
The murder of Kitty Genovese
The attack on Carly Garfield
59
T/F: Recordings of place cells shows memories are replayed during sleep.
True
False
60
White matter is full of _____ and grey matter is made up of ______
Astrocytes, microglia
Cell bodies, axons
Axons, cell bodies
Sensory neurons, motor neurons
61
What is systemic desensitization?
Introducting a positive stimulus along with the phobia
Putting someone in direct contact with their phobia
Teaching relaxation techniques
Gradual exposure to increasingly anxiety-producing stimuli while relaxing
62
What is saltatory conduction?
A postsynaptic neuron receiving a signal from a presynaptic neuron
The action potential jumps from node to node in an axon for more efficiency
The release of neurotransmitters
The opening of ion channels in a cell
63
How does measuring IQ test reults work?
Convert score to 115, 1 standard deviation is 15
Convert score to 100, 1 standard deviation is 15
Convert score to 100, 1 standard deviation is 10
64
What is a correlational study?
Simply recording what you observe
Using variables to analyze a cause/effect relationship
Look at the relationship between two variables
Presenting known correlations to a group of participants
65
What is the relationship of ions when a neuron is at resting potential?
High Na and low K outside the cell, low Na and high K inside the cell
Low Na and high K outside the cell, high Na and low K inside the cell
High Ca and low K outside the cell, low Ca and high K inside the cell
Low Ca and high K outside the cell, high Ca and low K inside the cell
66
What are the two main theories of how we acquire language?
Schools teach us how to speak
general processes generate rules for language, no special processes
We learn how to speak from our parents
there is a universal grammar device built in to the brain
67
What stimuli do neurons in the V4 and V5 area respond to, respectively?
V4 = Complex shapes and colors, V5 = motion
V4 = patterns, V5 = colors
V4 = colors, V5 = patterns
V4 = motion, V5 = Complex shapes and colors
68
Which brain scanning techniques have high temporal resolution and low spatial resolution?
EEG and ERP
ERP and fMRI
TMS and DBS
EEG and fMRI
69
What is the main test to test multiple types of intelligence?
WIAS
WIGS
WICS
WAIS
70
Which of the big 5 personality factors increases with age, across cultures?
Neuroticism
Concientiousness
Openness to experience
Extraversion
71
What brain area is associated with spatial memory?
Frontal lobe
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Amygdala
72
Examples proving infants we have innate cognitive processes (select all that apply)
Ability to perceive biological motion
Visual cliff studies
Facial recognition processes (look at human faces more)
Perception of morality (puppet example)
73
Select all the types of memory
Basic memory
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
74
What is the 1st main organizing principle? (from the beginning of the course!)
Brain structure impacts brain function
Psychology allows us to adapt to our environment
The brain is a physical system
Emotional states affect behavior
75
What are the types of persuasion?
Central and peripheral route
Parallel and central route
Main and peripheral route
Main and parallel route
76
Which example proves there are specific areas for language?
EEG
Prosopagnosia
Aphasia
77
What assumptioms do humans make about word meanings? (select all that apply)
Mutual exclusivity assumption
Whole object assumption
Taxonomic assumption
Joint attention
78
What are the main forces at play when a neuron fires?
Push and pull
Electric and diffusion
Diffusion and electrostatic
Strong and weak
79
What is the main role of the prefrontal cortex?
Decision making and impulsivity control
Fear
Movement
Emotion
80
What are the types of operant conditoning? Select all that apply
Reinforcement
Punishment
Shaping
Social learning
81
Which of the following are common psychological research methods? (select all that apply)
Experimental study
Observational study
Case study
Correlational study
82
What is the third main organizing principle?
The brain is a machine
Diff. neural circuits are specialized for solving diff. adaptive problems
Genes affect psychological processes
The brain is wired to solve problems
