Why did fugitive slaves migrate to Baltimore, Maryland?

The city’s large free black population sheltered runaways.

Why was Phillis Wheatley freed by her owner?

Pressure from British antislavery activists who admired her poetry

Why did slavery quickly rebound in Georgia and South Carolina after the Revolutionary War?

Planters developed lucrative cash crops.

Rice was cultivated successfully in South Carolina despite the colonists’ lack of knowledge of how to grow it bc slaves

used the same equipment & techniques they used to cultivate it in Africa.

What crucial element made it possible for the trans-Saharan trade routes to connect West Africa with North Africa?

A stretch of semi-arid land called the Sahel that cut across the continent

Who was freed by the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863?

Slaves in states or regions in rebellion against the United States

How did the Northwest Ordinance allow slavery to expand?

It lent tacit approval to slavery south of the Ohio River.

How did many white northerners respond to black emancipation in the antebellum North?

With an increase in racial prejudice and violence

What happened to the first slaves to escape to Union lines at the beginning of the Civil War?

They were designated as Confederate contraband.

Why did African Americans believe that slavery might collapse as a result of the American Revolution?

Most states banned the importation of slaves from outside the U. S.

What agenda was set at the first black convention in 1830?

Programs that enhanced job prospects for blacks

Before the Civil War, what impact did black laws have on African Americans in free northern states?

They were denied access to jobs and education.

Why were slaves brought on deck for an act the slave traders called “dancing the slaves”?

They were forced to exercise to maintain their health.

Why was the slave population in New England never self-sustaining?

Northern slaves were scattered across the region and rarely found partners.

Why did South Carolina officials adopt new legislation forbidding free black education?

They feared that educated free blacks would help slaves plan rebellions.

What did Abraham Lincoln say about slavery in his inaugural address in 1861?

He had no intention of interfering with slavery where it already existed.

Many white northerners opposed the Emancipation Proclamation because they

feared that free black labor would decrease their wages.

Which task was initially assigned to African workers in the Spanish colony on Hispaniola?

Working in the gold and copper mines

Why did those in the Union believe that they would win a quick victory against the Confederate States of America?

The Union had twice as much manpower and material

How did other slaves warn escaping slaves that fugitive patrols were nearby?

They sang songs with cautionary lyrics.

Which of these might have made insurrections aboard slave ships more common?

More interaction betwn. slave men & women, who had more mobility on ships

Why did the Dutch import enslaved workers to New Netherland beginning in 1626?

To build the capital, New Amsterdam

Why did many whites reject offers of assistance from black volunteers as the Civil War began?

Armed blacks evoked thoughts of slave insurrections.

Why did the number of slaves in Georgia rise from 500 in 1750 to 18,000 in 1775?

Georgia lifted its long-standing ban on importing slaves in 1751.

Why did black newspapers have a particularly wide influence in the mid-nineteenth century?

They were often discussed within group contexts, such as taverns & meetings

Why did the Supreme Court free the slaves who led an insurrection on the Spanish slave ship Amistad?

The enslavement violated treaties prohibiting the internat. slave trade.

How could officials in the Catholic Church have possibly limited the emergence of the transatlantic slave trade?

Arguing against the enslavement of Africans, they had against N. A. slavery

Who were “black governors” in New England colonies?

Leaders among slaves who were at times allowed to speak for their community

Why did the North barely hold a majority of congress seats by 1818 despite more than 60% of white Americans lived there?

The 3/5th Compromise gave southerners additional political representation.

Why did few people immigrate to the southern states in the middle of the nineteenth century?

Whites had fewer job opportunities because of slavery.

How did the military hierarchy during the Civil War reinforce the racial hierarchy of the society at large?

All black units were led by white officers.

How did slaves who came from different parts of Africa communicate with one another once on plantations in America?

They created Americanized, or creole, forms of communication.

Why did African Americans support protests against Great Britain even though most were unaffected by British taxes?

Patriots compared Britain’s policies as struggle for freedom over slavery.

Why did the population of blacks in Virginia increase from approximately 7 percent in 1680 to 44 percent by 1750?

Virginia built a plantation economy that revolved around black slavery.

Why did slave owners want slaves counted in their state’s population?

Slaves were then counted toward the state’s federal representation.

What limited the spread of Christianity among African Americans in the eighteenth century?

The influence of African traditions & influx of new arrivals from Africa

Why were black troops at greater risk than white troops when they entered battle?

Black troops were sometimes enslaved or executed when captured.

The Constitution’s framers leave the question of slavery to the jurisdiction of the state legislatures because they

were willing to compromise in order to form a federal union.

Why did most blacks oppose the plans of the American Colonization Society (ACS)?

They thought that the ACS’s propaganda hurt prospects for freedom in U.S..

What did British forces offer to African Americans to convince them to join their side in the Revolution?

Freedom to any slave who was owned by a rebel

Which factor might have prevented an enslaved African from being purchased and brought to the New World?

Being old and relatively unhealthy

Why did many slaves in the North not attain freedom even after the passage of emancipation laws?

Many northern slaves were sold in the South rather than being set free.

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African American History Midterm Review

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Questions 47

Answers

1
Why did fugitive slaves migrate to Baltimore, Maryland?
The city’s large free black population sheltered runaways.
The region reminded them of the environment in West Africa.
The seafood in the Chesapeake Bay allowed them to survive.
Baltimore rarely enforced fugitive slave laws.
2
Why was Phillis Wheatley freed by her owner?
The abolition of slavery in Massachusetts before the American Revolution
Religious conviction against slavery during the Great Awakening
Pressure from British antislavery activists who admired her poetry
Marriage to a freeman of mixed African and English ancestry
3
Why did slavery quickly rebound in Georgia and South Carolina after the Revolutionary War?
Port cities became centers for the slave trade.
The states lowered duties on slave imports.
Planters developed lucrative cash crops.
Free blacks were banned from the states.
4
Rice was cultivated successfully in South Carolina despite the colonists’ lack of knowledge of how to grow it bc slaves
learned the practice from nearby Indian nations.
used the same equipment & techniques they used to cultivate it in Africa.
used trial and error to perfect the technique.
learned the practice from plantations in the Caribbean.
5
What crucial element made it possible for the trans-Saharan trade routes to connect West Africa with North Africa?
West African kingdoms not being interested in trade with Europe
Medieval African technology that made crossing the Sahara easier
A stretch of semi-arid land called the Sahel that cut across the continent
The dissolution of the Roman Emp and its networks of long-distance exchange
6
Who was freed by the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863?
All slaves in the United States and the Confederacy
Slaves in the South but not the border states
Slaves in states or regions west of the Mississippi River
Slaves in states or regions in rebellion against the United States
7
How did the Northwest Ordinance allow slavery to expand?
It banned slavery only east of the Mississippi River.
It allowed slavery northwest of the Ohio River.
It lent tacit approval to slavery south of the Ohio River.
It allowed slavery in land gained by the Louisiana Purchase.
8
How did many white northerners respond to black emancipation in the antebellum North?
With more tolerance and less discrimination
With an increase in racial prejudice and violence
With support from organizations that planned to end slavery in the U. S.
With regret that they supported gradual emancipation
9
What happened to the first slaves to escape to Union lines at the beginning of the Civil War?
They were sent to border states that permitted slavery.
They were emancipated immediately and taken to the North.
They were returned to their owners and reenslaved.
They were designated as Confederate contraband.
10
Why did African Americans believe that slavery might collapse as a result of the American Revolution?
Most states banned the importation of slaves from outside the U. S.
Slaves who served in the Revolution were often manumitted afterward
Tobacco prices collapsed in the late eighteenth century.
Southern governors briefly called for abolition during the war.
11
What agenda was set at the first black convention in 1830?
Immediate emancipation of slaves
Companies to provide colonization to Africa
Ending racial violence
Programs that enhanced job prospects for blacks
12
Before the Civil War, what impact did black laws have on African Americans in free northern states?
They were provided public education in segregated schools.
They were denied access to jobs and education.
They were subject to kidnap and slavery in the South.
They were enfranchised for the first time.
13
Why were slaves brought on deck for an act the slave traders called “dancing the slaves”?
Captives petitioned for some time to enjoy themselves.
Slave traders were curious about African dance and music.
They provided amusement for the slave traders on the long voyage.
They were forced to exercise to maintain their health.
14
Why was the slave population in New England never self-sustaining?
Slave marriages were outlawed in most New England colonies.
Northern slaves were scattered across the region and rarely found partners.
The work made it difficult for slave women to bring pregnancies to term.
Many slaves were manumitted by adulthood and had free children.
15
Why did South Carolina officials adopt new legislation forbidding free black education?
Slave owners did not want slaves to read the Bible.
Lack of education backed up white arguments of natural black inferiority.
They feared that educated free blacks would help slaves plan rebellions.
It was considered a waste of time that distracted from work.
16
What services did black churches provide African American communities in addition to a place of worship?
Sponsored schools
Funded colonization schemes
Provided legal advice
Gave scholarships to attend white schools
17
What did Abraham Lincoln say about slavery in his inaugural address in 1861?
He did not mention slavery directly but condemned “unfree labor.”
Abolition of slavery was the primary purpose of the war.
The war between the states would be over quickly.
He had no intention of interfering with slavery where it already existed.
18
Many white northerners opposed the Emancipation Proclamation because they
favored gradual compensated emancipation.
feared that it would lead to equal rights for freed blacks.
feared that free black labor would decrease their wages.
believed that the war effort would be jeopardized.
19
Which task was initially assigned to African workers in the Spanish colony on Hispaniola?
Harvesting sugar on the plantations
Working in the gold and copper mines
Growing rice and other cash crops
Helping to enslave the native population
20
Why did free blacks have shorter life expectancies and higher death rates than whites during the antebellum period?
Climate and geography
Accidents and disease
Emigration and transience
Murder and racial violence
21
Why did those in the Union believe that they would win a quick victory against the Confederate States of America?
They controlled the Mississippi River from the onset of the war.
Slaves would revolt and engage Confederate troops.
The Union had twice as much manpower and material
Their military officers were more experienced than the Confederates.
22
How did other slaves warn escaping slaves that fugitive patrols were nearby?
They hung white ribbons from tree branches.
They sang songs with cautionary lyrics.
They placed candles on the roofs of their quarters.
They mimicked the sounds of animals.
23
Which of these might have made insurrections aboard slave ships more common?
The presence of both men and women aboard the same ships
More interaction betwn. slave men & women, who had more mobility on ships
A history of oceangoing experience among the enslaved
Knowledge of what fate awaited the enslaved
24
Why did the Dutch import enslaved workers to New Netherland beginning in 1626?
To work the labor-intensive sugar plantations
To provide services for the colony’s administrative elite
To cultivate tobacco
To build the capital, New Amsterdam
25
Why did many whites reject offers of assistance from black volunteers as the Civil War began?
Black soldiers had a history of desertion in previous American wars.
They believed that some blacks would prefer slavery to combat.
Armed blacks evoked thoughts of slave insurrections.
They questioned the loyalty of black soldiers to the United States.
26
Why did the number of slaves in Georgia rise from 500 in 1750 to 18,000 in 1775?
Most New England slaves were sold to Georgia planters.
Thousands of slaves escaped from Spanish Florida after the Seven Years’ War
The population increased due to natural reproduction.
Georgia lifted its long-standing ban on importing slaves in 1751.
27
Why did black newspapers have a particularly wide influence in the mid-nineteenth century?
Most black Americans were fully literate by this point
They were the only form of reading that slave owners permitted.
They were often discussed within group contexts, such as taverns & meetings
They were widely read by white Americans as well.
28
Why did the Supreme Court free the slaves who led an insurrection on the Spanish slave ship Amistad?
The justices on the Supreme Court were opposed to slavery.
The enslavement violated treaties prohibiting the internat. slave trade.
The United States was at war with Spain at the time of the revolt.
The U.S. Constitution prevented participation in slave trade post-1808
29
What crops transformed the South’s economy and increased the use of slave labor after 1790?
Sugar and cotton
Tobacco and corn
30
How could officials in the Catholic Church have possibly limited the emergence of the transatlantic slave trade?
Arguing against the enslavement of Africans, they had against N. A. slavery
By resisting efforts to convert Native Americans to Christianity
By facilitating the development of English, Dutch, and French colonies.
By encouraging Spain to focus on mining gold instead of growing cash crops
31
Who were “black governors” in New England colonies?
Free blacks appointed to political office by British officials
Colonists of mixed ancestry who held political office
Leaders of maroon communities who aided the British during the Revolution
Leaders among slaves who were at times allowed to speak for their community
32
Why did the North barely hold a majority of congress seats by 1818 despite more than 60% of white Americans lived there?
White northerners who opposed slavery were discouraged from voting.
The region’s free blacks were not allowed to vote in most states.
Some free blacks were permitted to vote in the South.
The 3/5th Compromise gave southerners additional political representation.
33
Why did few people immigrate to the southern states in the middle of the nineteenth century?
European immigrants were unfamiliar with cotton cultivation.
Most immigrants were morally opposed to slavery.
Whites had fewer job opportunities because of slavery.
Drought devastated the region’s cash crops.
34
How did the military hierarchy during the Civil War reinforce the racial hierarchy of the society at large?
Black soldiers were not permitted to become officers.
Black soldiers were considered property of the U.S. army.
All black units were led by white officers.
Black units were considered inferior and never saw combat.
35
How did slaves who came from different parts of Africa communicate with one another once on plantations in America?
Slaves spoke with one another in the language of the slave owners.
They spoke very similar languages & understood one another immediately.
Slaves from different regions communicated with one another in Arabic.
They created Americanized, or creole, forms of communication.
36
Why did African Americans support protests against Great Britain even though most were unaffected by British taxes?
The Declaration of Independence called for the abolition of slavery.
Blacks were resentful of the Brits for controlling the slave trade.
Slaves who joined the Revolution were manumitted by their owners.
Patriots compared Britain’s policies as struggle for freedom over slavery.
37
Why did the population of blacks in Virginia increase from approximately 7 percent in 1680 to 44 percent by 1750?
The restrictions on ownership in others caused slave owners to move to VA
Large numbers of free blacks moved to port cities to look for employment.
Laws granted slaves in Virginia some autonomy,.
Virginia built a plantation economy that revolved around black slavery.
38
Why did slave owners want slaves counted in their state’s population?
It was a way to provide for gradual compensated emancipation.
Slaves were then counted toward the state’s federal representation.
The number of slaves was a source of pride for many slave owners.
Slave owners received tax exemptions for each of their slaves.
39
What limited the spread of Christianity among African Americans in the eighteenth century?
The influence of African traditions & influx of new arrivals from Africa
The use of religion to defend the institution of slavery by some whites
The spread of Islam brought by slaves from West Africa
A perception that it was a religion only for whites
40
Why were black troops at greater risk than white troops when they entered battle?
Black troops were sometimes enslaved or executed when captured.
White medical doctors often refused to treat wounded black soldiers.
Black units were poorly trained and less effective in battle.
Union officers did not assist black regiments in danger during battle.
41
Colonists in the Chesapeake began purchasing enslaved people from Africa in 1619 to provide labor for the cultivation of
tea
sugarcane
corn
tobacco
42
The Constitution’s framers leave the question of slavery to the jurisdiction of the state legislatures because they
wanted to end the slave trade but not the institution.
were willing to compromise in order to form a federal union.
believed that slavery would be abolished state by state.
feared that the federal govt. would gain too much power over the states.
43
Why did most blacks oppose the plans of the American Colonization Society (ACS)?
The ACS worked closely with those who supported slavery.
They were suspicious of the ACS’s all-white membership.
The ACS focused only on free blacks and did not address slavery.
They thought that the ACS’s propaganda hurt prospects for freedom in U.S..
44
During the medieval era, which social group formed the majority of Mali’s Muslim population?
Scholars and bureaucrats from the Islamic world
Artisans living in large cities
Fishermen along the coast
The ruling class
45
What did British forces offer to African Americans to convince them to join their side in the Revolution?
British citizenship for those who fought against the rebellion
Freedom to any slave who was owned by a rebel
Officer training to those who could read and write
Freedom to any slave who served British forces
46
Which factor might have prevented an enslaved African from being purchased and brought to the New World?
Being able to speak a European language
Being old and relatively unhealthy
Being from a hostile African society
Being a member of a large family
47
Why did many slaves in the North not attain freedom even after the passage of emancipation laws?
Many northern slaves were sold in the South rather than being set free.
Many slave owners in the North refused to abide by the new laws.
Slaves had to purchase their freedom, which was too expensive for most.
Northern slave owners sold slaves outside the United States.

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