JPO 2025

Question 1

What is the relationship between pleasure and virtue?

Accepted Answer

Pleasure follows from virtue

Question 2

How does Aristotle distinguish between primary and secondary substances in his Categories?

Accepted Answer

Primary substances are individual entities; secondary are kinds or species

Question 3

What are Aristotle’s ‘Categories’?

Accepted Answer

Basic kinds of beings

Question 4

What does Aristotle consider the most fundamental kind of being?

Accepted Answer

Substance

Question 5

How is poetry connected to philosophy in Aristotle’s view (as per the guide)?

Accepted Answer

Poetry expresses moral themes

Question 6

Which principle is NOT a fundamental axiom in Aristotle's metaphysics?

Accepted Answer

Law of duality

Question 7

What is 'being qua being'?

Accepted Answer

Study of being as being

Question 8

What philosophical purpose does Aristotle’s concept of 'non-contradiction' serve in his Metaphysics?

Accepted Answer

The foundational principle of all rational discourse and inquiry

Question 9

What is the human good according to Aristotle?

Accepted Answer

Eudaimonia (flourishing)

Question 10

What is 'akrasia'?

Accepted Answer

Weakness of will

Question 11

What is Aristotle's solution to the problem of universals and particulars (e.g., “What makes Socrates a man”)?

Accepted Answer

Forms exist in particular things, not separately (as in Plato)

Question 12

What are Aristotle's four causes?

Accepted Answer

Material, formal, efficient, final

Question 13

What distinguishes Aristotle's ethics from Plato's?

Accepted Answer

Ethics grounded in real-life practices and character

Question 14

What are the two types of virtues in Aristotle’s ethics?

Accepted Answer

Intellectual and moral

Question 15

What is the 'function argument' in Aristotle's ethics?

Accepted Answer

Every being has a purpose or function

Question 16

What does Aristotle argue is necessary to understand essence?

Accepted Answer

Substance

Question 17

Why does Aristotle place ‘contemplation’ above political or pleasurable lives in his ethical hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

It reflects the highest exercise of reason, our unique function

Question 18

According to Aristotle, which of the following is NOT a reason why friendships are ethically important?

Accepted Answer

They are purely emotional and outside rational analysis

Question 19

Aristotle claims the good for humans is the activity of the soul vs virtue. What does the nature of human happiness mean

Accepted Answer

It is an active, rational life expressing excellence over time

Question 20

In Aristotle's metaphysics, how does he resolve the paradox of change posed by earlier philosophers like Parmenides?

Accepted Answer

By distinguishing between actuality and potentiality

Question 21

What are hylomorphic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Compounds of matter and form

Question 22

What role does 'practical reasoning' play in ethics?

Accepted Answer

It helps in ethical decision-making

Question 23

In Metaphysics, Aristotle’s notion of 'substance' includes form and matter. Why is this 'hylomorphic' view significant?

Accepted Answer

It provides a unified explanation of being that avoids Plato’s dualism

Question 24

Why is the concept of ‘final cause’ controversial or distinctive in Aristotle’s four causes theory?

Accepted Answer

It introduces teleology, or purpose, into nature

Question 25

What is the difference between actuality and potentiality?

Accepted Answer

Actuality is the fulfillment of potential

Question 26

Which ethical difficulty does Aristotle address with his notion of the 'practical syllogism'?

Accepted Answer

The gap between knowing and doing (akrasia)

Question 27

In what sense is Aristotle’s ‘Unmoved Mover’ both metaphysical and theological?

Accepted Answer

Being that causes motion by being an object of desire and thought

Question 28

Which term best defines Aristotle’s 'Golden Mean'?

Accepted Answer

Balance between deficiency and excess

Question 29

What does practicing philosophy encourage?

Accepted Answer

Active thinking and moral growth

Question 30

Which pleasure does Aristotle rank highest?

Accepted Answer

Philosophical contemplation

Question 31

How does Aristotle define friendship?

Accepted Answer

Essential for moral development and happiness

Question 32

Aristotle argues that intellectual virtue requires experience. What implication does this have for ethical education?

Accepted Answer

Ethics is learned through habit and life experience, not only theory

Question 33

What is continence?

Accepted Answer

Acting rightly despite wrong desires

Question 34

What is 'incontinence' in Aristotle’s ethics?

Accepted Answer

Knowing the right but failing to act accordingly

Question 35

What is virtue according to Aristotle?

Accepted Answer

A habit of choosing the mean

Question 36

According to Aristotle, where do ethical decisions originate?

Accepted Answer

Habits and reasoned choice

Question 37

What is the role of substance in unity?

Accepted Answer

It provides the basis of being as a whole

Question 38

What is the theological implication in Aristotle’s metaphysics?

Accepted Answer

He introduces an Unmoved Mover (divine cause)

Question 39

Which type of life does Aristotle consider highest?

Accepted Answer

Contemplative life

Question 40

How does Aristotle reconcile the apparent tension between moral responsibility and the role of habituation in ethical?

Accepted Answer

Habituation forms character, individuals are for reinforcing it/ choice

JPO 2025

Questions 40

JPO 2025

Questions 40