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Midtern Research
Midtern Research
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1
what is a vulnerable population in reseach?
prisoners and pregnant women
who cannot participate fully in the consent process.
such groups may include children, individuals with cognitive disorders,
groups of people with diminished autonomy
2
variables in experimental- type research
dependent variable
extraneous variable
independent variable
3
what is principlism?
an established approach inbiomedical ethics, based on a set of values.
provide protection for human research participants through review
medical professionals can reger to in the case of confusion or conflict
groups include children, individuals with cognitive disorders
4
Descriptive variables means?
Acharacteristic of phenomenon under study: Demographic, Perceptual measure;
Characteristics that describe the sample
Not part of cause and effect, Nit manipulated by the researcher
5
Belomont report is ?
identifies base ethical principles
and guidelines that address ethical issues arising
from the conduct of reseatch with human subjects
In respinse to highly publicized case documenting researchers abuse of powe
6
Adequate sampling strategy is ?
Define the population
create inclusion and exclusion criteria
desifn a recruitment plan
determin the number of subjects needed
Apply the selection methodology
Implement strategies to maximize retention
7
autonomy is the right-derermination and the ability to make informed decisions?
False
True
8
Negative relationship btw two variables means an increase in on variable is related to decrease in the other
True
False
9
Randomization means
or assign subjects to different group
Statistical process in which a random mechanism
is employed to select a sample from a population
10
Nuremberg trials
crimes against humanity
a series of court proceedings held in nuremberg, germany, after wwII
Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war
11
what is PICOT method?
P-patient population of interest, I- intervention of interest
C- compatison of interest, O--outcome, T-- type of question or study
12
Independent Variable means applied to the experimental situation the "cause" in a cause and effect relationship?
True
False
13
What is secondary source
systematic reciews, meta-analyses,
meta-synthesis-based on secondary authorsinterpretation of the primarywork
Summaries and/or comments of multiple research studies on one topic,
14
what is Sampling in Quantitative Studies
Essential criteria: Randomness -
Independence - Each subject selection is an independent event.
Probability sampling: Also called random sampling
Each member of an available population an equal probability being selected
15
institutional review board means?
through review of the ethical acceptability of proprosal for human research
ex: census data, labor statistics.
publicly available data does not required IRB review
provide protection for human research participants
16
The goal/primary objective of nursing research is to generate new knowledge to inform the practice of nursing.
False
True
17
Primary researcher is the individual or team who directly conducted a research study?
True
False
18
Independence is ?
A condition that occurs when the selection
the same chance of being in the sample.
i.e. each member of the population has sex actly
of one subject has no influence on selection of other subjects
19
ADPIE is the nursing process.
False
True
20
Research guidelines involving animals(3 R's)
Refine experimental procedures to minimize pain and suffering
replace animal subjects with no animal alternatives when feasible
Reduce the number of animals used in experiments
21
What are characteristics of the most credible nursing studies?
peer-reviewed publication in repitable jornals
Riforous reseach design, robust data collection methods,
a focus on clinically relevant questions that directly impact patient care
appropriate sampling techniques, ethical considerations clear dataanalysis,
22
Sampling in Survey Designs Challenges
Recruitment
Response rate
Usable response rate
23
what is retrospective studies?
about events that have already happened. such secondary data were
example -- chart review
originally collected for a purpose other than the current research.
studies conducted using data that have already been collected
24
what is types of IRB studies
full reviews: all research that posed more than minimal risk to subjects
exept: studies that pose no risk for subjects (DO NOT REQUIRE IRB)
Expedited: studies that pose only minimal risk for subjects
a process of information exchange than includes recruitment materials
25
What are barriers to evidenced-based practice?
Lack of adequate education and expereince
Launguage barrier
Technical and complex terminology
Inadequate organizational support
lack of access to best available evidence
Not enough time/work load
26
Qualitative studies
and values of the patient and practitioner
(focus on text/ narrative from respondents)
use as evidence in determining the preference
influences compliance and acceptability of treatment
27
Health info kept confidential, released only authorized individuals, have info body shielded from public view is HIPPA
False
True
28
Bias
prejudice in favor of or against on things, person,
or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.
29
Randomized clinical trials ?
require additonal levels of iversight.
have a higher level of scrutiny
same people.
typically are reciewed by a data safty mnitoring board
30
what is the scientific method?
diagnosis the diseases
analyze your data and draw a conclusion
test your hypothesis by doing an experiment
construct a hypothesis
asking a question
identify problem
31
How is independence in research violated? Subjects are related in some way or More than one score is collected from the
or More than one score is collected from the same subject
Subjects are related in some way
32
Reciewing literature critically
and ultimately ensure that new research builds upon a solid foundation
avoiding unnecessary duplication of efforts
allows reseachers to thoroughly evaluate existing knowledge on a topic,
identify gaps in reseach, assess the quality of previous studies
and contributing meaningfully to the field by addressing unexplored areas
33
justice is fair treatment and fairness in distribution of benefit and burden
True
False
34
Cross sectional
Example: single phenomenaacross multiple populations at a certain time
Data collected at a certain pointin time. no follow up
35
what is 3 components of informed consent?
compentency of the patient(or surrogate)to make discision
disclosure of information,
voluntary nature od the decision
36
informed consent means?
disclosure of information
verbal dialigue, presentation of written materials, questions and answers,
a process of information exchange than includes recruitment materials,
ab ab agreement documented by signature.
37
Positive relationship btw two variables means both variables increase or decrease together
True
False
38
Dependent Variable is the outcome factor; the variable that may change in responde to manipulations of it
True
False
39
what is peer-reviewed?
credentials or professional status, adds legitimacy findings reported.
provided by "blinded" reviewers who are unaware of the author's name.
methodology, results and conclusions
these works have been subjected to critical assessment
reseacher in which fellow peers review the study's rationale, design
40
What types of studies to include in a strong literature review?
Peer-reviewed, scholarly articles from repurable journals,
Qualitative research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses
Randomized controlled trials(RCTs), cohort studyies, case- control studies,
41
How do you prevent bias in research?
that bias presents to the overall credibility of the study.
solid design is the best way to control the threat
42
Nuremburg code (1947) Mandated voluntary consent for experimental studies of humans
False
True
43
What is nursing research?
A study to answer questions a bout nursing practice
It is a study to produce a bias-free, trustworthy answers to questions
It is a systemic inquiry that uses rigorous guidelines
All the above
44
Paradigm in nursing research
overall belief system
prediction
Way of viewing the nature of reality and the basis of knowledge
critcism
45
What is evidence- based- practice?
A pracess that uses the best available research , clinical expertise .
Health care rule.
A research by a nursing student
Patient preferences to inform patient care decisions
46
What is the role of a staff nurse related to nursing research ?
Ensure the research protocol is followed accurately
Collect data from participants
derived from research findings within clinical settings
Advocate for the implementation of EBPs
Identify potential research questions based on direct PT care experience .
Recruit patients for studies
47
What are the characteristics of nursing research.
Reviewer unaware of authorship
Peer reviewed. Objective review by third party to ensure quality.
Replication: nFindings are duplicate in different populations
In blind review.
48
The first step of EBP is to formulate a well-defined clinical question
True
False
49
Variable means a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way
False
True
50
Primary Source is ?
Reports of original research authored by the researcher
such as apeer reviewed research journalor scholarly book.
and published ina scholarly source
51
What is problem statements?
statements of the gap btw what is know and unknown
Focus the research process on a known nursing practice problem
Articulate the area of concern, provide support for extent of the problem.
52
Declaration of helsinki (1964) written by the world medical association which specifically addresses medical reseach
False
True
53
what is alternatives to animal testing
use of cadavers
interactive computer simulations
use of lifelike manikins
54
longitudinal studies
example--effects of a treatment or emergence of disease
reseach in the same people are restudied and retested over long period
55
ethics is the study of right and wrong
True
False
56
what is selection bias?
occurs when individuals are selected
primarily controlled through: random sampling of population
threatens validity of the study;
or random assignment to groups
or assigned to groups in nonimpartial ways
57
What is mixed reseach methods?
Provides richer understanding of the results;
Encourages interdisciplinary research;
combination of meaning and control needed;
Speeds up process of translating research into practice
58
what is sampling strategy?
that provides a valid representation of the system being studied
to collect sufficient, appropriate data for a study
59
what is beneficence ?
fair treatment
ability to make informed decisions
and have steps taken to ensure their well being
decisions respected, be protected from harm
60
what is quantitative studies
and value of interventions
influences whether a given action results in a desired outcome
focus on numbers statisstical data analysis
use as evidence for the effectiveness, efficiency,
61
who is principal investigator
analyzing study data, and reporting the study findings
the head of investigation
responsible for creating the study protocol, following the study protocol.
a reseacher, lead the clinical research team.
