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AP Exam Year end Review
AP Exam Year end Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
150 cards
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Questions
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Answers
1
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
timbre
pitch
loudness
2
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
3
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
happiness
fear
4
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
tumor ligation
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
5
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
6
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
7
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
8
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
9
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
a sedative
an amphetamine
10
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
syntax
phonemes
morphemes
11
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a contravened stereotype
12
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
marital problems
13
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
14
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
car-nose
tree-bird
fill-feed
15
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
16
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
representativeness
consistency
accuracy of inference
17
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
18
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
limbic system
19
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
sensory
20
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
21
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
22
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
reticular formation
23
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
24
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
25
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
26
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
27
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender differences
28
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
anxiety
schizophrenic
mood
29
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
standard deviation
means
correlation coefficients
30
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
31
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
the conscious
32
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
33
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
thalamus
location of injury
spinal cord
34
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
35
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
36
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
37
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
38
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
39
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
operant conditioning
40
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
41
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
print letters
sing a song
fear the dark
42
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an achievement test
a personality test
an aptitude test
43
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
44
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
45
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
conformity
group polarization
social loafing
46
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
marijuana
mescaline
cocaine
47
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
48
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
49
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
light purity
brightness
50
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
positive reinforcement
51
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
tone
salivation
food/meat powder
52
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
pathogens
opiates
teratogens
53
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
antagonists
neurotransmitters
agonists
54
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
55
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
displacement
regression
fixation
56
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
57
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
similiarity
closure
symmetry
58
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
sensation
perception
hypnosis
59
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
60
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
61
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
social scripts
parental investments
investment differentiations
62
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
cannabis
sedatives
narcotics
63
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
64
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
perception
attention
sensation
65
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
66
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
schematizing
cultural direction
67
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
creativity
reasoning
insight
68
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
drive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
69
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
70
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
71
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
72
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
73
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
74
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
vitreous humor
cornea
lens
75
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
76
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
77
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
78
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
preconventional
postconventional
concrete
79
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
shared inhibition
80
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
latency
anal
genital
81
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
82
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
83
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
84
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
85
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
86
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
escape learning
87
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
88
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
midpoint
mode
median
89
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
90
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
91
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
extinction
spontaneous remission
92
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
93
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
94
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
95
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
96
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
97
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
98
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
centration
conservation
99
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
repression
100
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
101
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
102
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
display rules
103
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
self-serving bias
stereotypes
attributions
104
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
a headache
not really been asleep
been dreaming
not been dreaming
105
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
106
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a delusion
a compulsion
a phobia
107
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
108
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
musical
spatial
109
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
cochlea
temporal lobe
oval window
110
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
111
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
unipolar
dissociative
bipolar
112
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
113
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
a projective test
114
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
115
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test scores
test norms
test levels
116
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
117
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
118
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
criterion-related
content
construct
119
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
obedience
cognitive dissonance
120
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
intelligence
cognition
mentalism
121
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
122
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
123
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
124
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
chunk
semantic network
script
125
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
episodic
crystallized
procedural
126
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological instability
127
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
128
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
obsessions
illusions
delusions
129
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
130
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
step-wise conditioning
selection
stimulus discrimination
131
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
endorphin
132
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
133
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
pressure
conflict
frustration
134
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
amount of time awake
135
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
retrieved
modeled
ablated
136
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
gamma
delta
beta
137
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
IQ
138
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
139
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
rat
loud noise
fear reaction
140
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
sciatic receptors
141
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
142
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
attributionism
functionalism
individualism
143
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
144
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the experimental group
the observational group
the control group
145
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
146
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 4
stage 1
REM
147
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
148
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
recognition
reiteration
relearning
149
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
pituitary
gonads
thalamus
150
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
time of testing
cross-sectional
longitundinal
