Which of the following is a key limitation concerning correlational research?

can't make claims concerning causality, but can identify factors involved

If two variables are said to have a correlation of zero this means that:

There is no relation between variable one and variabletwo

In content analysis, manifest content refers to:

How often a particular word appears

General forms of kurtosis are:

Leptokurtic, Mesokurtic, Platykurtic

Which of the following is NOT an assumption when conducting a z- test?

B. The sample is normally distributed

To find out if students who attend lectures & those who do not have different overall final marks what test would you do

A non-directional independent samples t test

One of the main goals of science is:

To discover regularities and what causes these regularities

What distinguishes participant- observer research from naturalistic observation research?

The researcher becomes a part of the group or community

Experimenter did an experiment & finds that there is a correlation of 0.9 between smokers & people who get lung cancer

Nothing, we are unable to infer causation from correlation

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PSYC123 FULL SEMESTER REVISION

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1
An independent samples t test uses which type of design?
Inbetween-subjects
Between-subjects
Without-subjects
Within-subjects
2
A good hypothesis is:
All the above
Verifiable
Falsifiable
Based on theory
3
Which of the following is an assumption for both one sample and two sample t- tests?
Non parametric data
Homogeneity of covariance
Selected sampling
Random sampling
4
The ______ is the score that occurs most frequently.
Mixture
Mean
Mode
Median
5
from a population with μ = 100, σ = 9 and N = 81 σX = σ/√N= 9/9=1
False
True
6
What are the degrees of freedom for the Chi- Square Goodness of Fit test?
c-2
(r-1)(c-1)
N-2
k-1
7
Which of the following is a key limitation concerning correlational research?
This form of research usually takes place outside the lab
can't make claims concerning causality, but can identify factors involved
There are no limitations concerning correlational research
Itallows us to find relationships between two or more variables
8
If two variables are said to have a correlation of zero this means that:
There is no relation between variable one and variabletwo
As variable one increases,variable two will also increase
You cannot have a correlationof zero
As variable one increases,variable two decreases
9
Parsimonious a characteristics of science
True
False
10
Characteristics of science - Objective: concerned with universal means of description and communication
True
False
11
In content analysis, manifest content refers to:
How often a particular word appears
Insight into human behaviour and the human condition
What is being said, to whom and with what effect
The themes of the pictures and words that are presented
12
1. ____________ is a measure of the average squared deviation from the mean.
Inter Quartile Range
Standard Deviation
Sum of Squares
Variance
13
Intuition is spontaneous perception or judgement not based on reasoned mental steps
True
False
14
General forms of kurtosis are:
Linealkurtic, Medialkurtic, Placialkurtic
Positive, Negative, Equal
Normal, Abnormal, Equal
Leptokurtic, Mesokurtic, Platykurtic
15
What is the z- critical value for a two- tailed test when the alpha is 0.05?
1.506
1.645
1.96
0.751
16
Find the mean of the following data: 9, 7, 11, 13, 2, 4, 5, 5
9
8
7
12
17
Characteristics of science - Concerned with theory: induces general explanations from specific instances
False
True
18
What are the degrees of freedom for a correlated samples t test?
n 1 + n 2 – 2
N-3
N-1
N + 2
19
Which type of validity does this phrase describe? The measure relates to a similar measure.
Concurrent validity
Construct validity
External validity
Face Validity
20
UOW building numbers is
Interval
Ratio
Nominal
Ordinal
21
ATAR is
Nominal
Interval
Ratio
Ordinal
22
Which of the following is NOT an assumption when conducting a z- test?
B. The sample is normally distributed
A. The sample is independently and randomly sampled
D. The DV is measured at a level that at least approximates interval data
C. The dependent variable is quantitative in nature
23
When population standard deviation is known a _ can be used when population standard deviation is unknown a _ can be
T-Test; Pearson Correlation
T-Test; Z-test
Z-test; T-test
Pearson Correlation; Z-test
24
What are the degrees of freedom for the Chi- Square Test of Independence?
N-1
k-2
(r-1)(c-1)
n 1 + n 2 –2
25
What are the degrees of freedom for a one-sample t-test?
N-2
N-1
N+2
N+1
26
Authority is based on someone else’s knowledge
True
False
27
Characteristics of science - Progressive: comes closer to its goals over time
False
True
28
If variable X increases, as variable Y increases, this is known as what type of relationship?
Positive linear relationship
Positive curvilinear relationship
Negative linear relationship
Negative curvilinear relationship
29
For a hypothesis to be falsifiable it must be capable of making predictions
True
False
30
Characteristics of science - Self-Correcting: actively seeks address its own errors
False
True
31
Find the mode of the following data: 15, 22, 17, 19, 22, 17, 29, 24, 17, 15
17
15
18
22
32
The t-distribution approaches a more normal distribution the smaller the sample.
False
True
33
An army rank is an example of which type of data:
Ratio
Ordinal
Interval
Nominal
34
To find out if students who attend lectures & those who do not have different overall final marks what test would you do
A non-directional correlated samples t tes
A directional correlated samples t test
A directional independent samples t test
A non-directional independent samples t test
35
What is the fourth step when conducting a hypothesis test?
Set a decision rule
Make a decision based on the decision rule
Conduct the statistical test
Determine test type & whether the assumptions for test are satisfied
36
Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of science?
Subjective
Self-correcting
Progressive
Parsimonious
37
If a question wanted to find out if shyness is related to frequency of partying which type of test would we do?
Pearson’s correlation
One sample t test
Independent samples t test
Correlated samples t test
38
Which of the following is NOT true of the Sum of Squares?
None of these options
It is the sum of the squareddeviations from the mean
It can be negative
It is the value of the score minus the mean which is then squared
39
One of the main goals of science is:
To discover regularities and what causes these regularities
To be able to explain supernatural phenomena
To construct detailed explanation of a phenomenon experienced in our world
40
(6 x 6) + 6 + 7^2 =
91
80
90
81
41
Characteristics of science - Tentative: all theories are able to be falsified
False
True
42
In an experiment the IV is the one we are trying to measure and the dependent variable is the one we change
False
True
43
Find the median of the following data: 10, 19, 54, 80, 15, 16
17.5
16
19
17
44
from a population with μ = 100, σ = 9 and N = 1000. σX = σ/√N= 9/31.6228= 0.284605
False
True
45
What distinguishes participant- observer research from naturalistic observation research?
Observing subjects in their natural environment
Observers often do not know they are being watched
The researcher becomes a part of the group or community
Can happen in a laboratory setting
46
When the results of an experiment can not be generalised to the population, what type of validity has been compromised?
External Validity
StatisticalValidity
FaceValidity
CriterionValidity
47
When both the data given are from the same person, with regard to t tests, which test would we do?
One sample t test
Independent samples t test
Pearson’s correlation
Correlated samples t test
48
Experimenter did an experiment & finds that there is a correlation of 0.9 between smokers & people who get lung cancer
Nothing, we are unable to infer causation from correlation
People who smoke have a higherchance of getting lung cancer
Smoking causes lung cancer
Nothing, have a correlation of0.9 is not strong enough to infer anything
49
What are two non- empirical ways of knowing?
Scienceand intuition
Authority and logic
Intuitionand authority
Logicand intuition
50
The main goal of experimental research is to:
Infer causality
Observethe relationship between variables
Studyan individual in-depth
Observethe participants
51
Participant-Observer Research utilises pre- existing groups
False
True
52
Which of the following techniques can we use to assess internal reliability?
Repeatthe test with different participants
Get multiple judges to conduct the test and compare their scores
Test the participant over multiple timeframes and compare the results
Split the scale into 2 1/2 & compare the correlations scores between each
53
An operational definition is defined as an abstract (general), but fairly similar to an everyday definition
False
True
54
What proportion of scores are under the curve of a normal distribution at +/- 1 standard deviation?
99.7%
68%
56%
95%
55
The assumption of homogeneity of variance would be found in which test assumptions?
Independent samples t test
Pearson’s correlation
One sample t test
Correlated samples t test
56
A set of standard score has which of the following characteristics:
Mean =1, Variance = 1 & Standard Deviation = 1
Mean = 0, Variance = 1 & StandardDeviation = 1
Mean =1, Variance = 0 & Standard Deviation = 0
A. Mean = 0, Variance = 0 & Standard Deviation = 0
57
What is a measure of the variability in the same units as the scores being described?
InterQuartile Range
Standard Deviation
Variance
Sum ofSquares
58
Which of the following is an assumption of a one-sample t-test?
C. Scores are normally distributed
A. Independent and random sampling
D. Both a and c
B. The population standard deviation is known
59
Irregularity is an assumption of science
True
False
60
Mixed methods utilises:
Multiple types of qualitative research
A mixture of cross- sectional and longitudinal methods
A mixture of both qualitative and quantitative methods
Multiple kinds quantitative research
61
A variable with a limited number of possibilities is known as ________________.
A dependent variable
An independent variable
A continuous variable
A discrete variable
62
For a hypothesis to be falsifiable:
It must be capable of making predictions
It must be capable of being both true anduntrue
It must be capable of being true
It must be capable of being untrue
63
Mortality is a threat to which type of validity?
Construct validity
Internal validity
External validity
Predictive validity
64
Which of the follow forms of research utilises pre- existing groups? (eg. Males/ Females, Australian/ American)
Correlational Research
Participant-Observer Research
SurveyResearch
Quasi- Experimental Research
65
A researcher observes the no. of times that a rat pushes a lever in response to a stimulus. What scale of measurement?
Ratio
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
66
The coefficient of r2 indicates the proportion of variability in the dependent variable that can be explained by the IV
True
False
67
Which type of validity does this phrase describe? The test relates to underlying theoretical concepts.
Internal Validity
Construct validity
Content validity
External validity
68
H0: µmen = µwomen - This would be an appropriate _______ hypothesis for a ____________.
Alternative; correlated samplest test
Null; independent samples t test
Alternative; independentsamples t test
Null; correlated samples ttest
69
Reliability refers to:
The appropriateness of thetest being used to study the hypothesis
How generalisable the results are to the population
Being logically or factually sound
The consistency of a measurement
70
Validity refers to:
The consistency of the results when the test isrepeated
How well a test measures what it is supposed to
The absence of confounding variables
How statically powerful the results are
71
Which of the following is an assumption of science?
Discoverability
Irrationality
Irregularity
Randomness
72
Cronbach’s alpha can be used to assess external reliability.
True
False
73
When constructing questions for a survey, it is important to:
Have alternative answers
Be biased in your choice of questions
Only ask open- ended questions
Get rid of social desirability tendency
74
Logic is based on deductive or inductive reasoning
False
True
75
Fahrenheit is an example of which type of data:
Nominal
Ordinal
Ratio
Interval
76
Which of the following is not true of the sampling distribution of the mean?
Samplemeans tend to cluster around the true population mean
Samples taken from different populations of interest
It isa theoretical distribution
Takesthe mean scores of all possible samples
77
_____ data has a true zero, but ____ data does not have a true zero
Ordinal; interval
Interval; ratio
Nominal; interval
Ratio; interval
78
What does the central limit theorem help us know?
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is σ/√N
All the above
The shape of the sampling distri of the mean will approx the normal distri
The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean will approx the pop mean
79
In a single blind design
The participant does not know what they are being tested on
Both the participants & experimenter are unaware of condition allocation
The participants are unaware of which condition they have been assigned
The participants cannot see
80
Qualitative research is concerned with _____ rather than ________:
Differences; Similarities
Meaning; Causes
Similarities; Differences
Causes; Meaning
81
Spurious correlation occurs when
X does not cause Y
X causes Y
Y causes X
Some additional variable causes X and Y
82
In a within- subjects design:
C. The same people are exposed to all different conditions
A. Participants can act as their own control
Both B and C
B. Different subjects are exposed to different conditions
83
What does the square of the correlation coefficient (r2) tell you?
The proportion of variability in Y that cannot be explained by X
The proportion of variability in Y that can be explained by X
How much Y will increase everytime you increase X
Tells you nothing about X or Y
84
Characteristics of science - Empirical: concerned with data collection
True
False
85
Time spent studying is
Ratio
Nominal
Interval
Ordinal
86
When crucial part of data is needed in order to conduct a z- test?
Two samples
An alpha level of .05
The population standard deviation
The sample standard deviation
87
Characteristics of science - Parsimonious: seeks the simplest valid explanation
False
True
88
The two non- empirical ways of knowing are intuition and authority
True
False
89
Which of the following is an authoritative way of knowing?
Self- Help Books
Intuition
Pop- Psychology
None of these options
90
What does a z-score tell us?
Sumof the squared deviations from the mean
How far a score is from the mean in units of standard deviation
A result that is unlikely to have occurred by chance
The probability of Type 1 error you are willing to make
91
Which of the following is a non- parametric test?
Pearson Correlation Test
Independent samples t- test
One sample t- test
Chi- square test
92
Science is a way of obtaining knowledge by means of objective observations
True
False
93
In a between subject’s design:
Different participants are exposed to all the different conditions
The same participants are exposed to the all the different conditions
The same participants are exposed to one condition
Different participant’s complete different studies/experiments
94
Inductive research begins with an observation and the end result is a theory
True
False
95
Which of the following is a threat to external validity?
D. All the above
C. Other subjects
B. Other times
A. Other settings
96
What is another name for the null hypothesis?
C - Hypothesis of no scientific interest
B - Hypothesis of no difference
D - Both B and C
A - The research hypothesis
97
When would we need to calculate the pooled variance in an independent samples t test?
When the samples sizes are different sizes
When both of the sample means are the sam
When the data are measured on a nominal scale
When the standard deviation is unknown
98
The independent variable:
Is the variable we keep constant
Is the variable whose value depends on another
Is the variable we manipulate
Is the variable that we are not aware of that may impact the results
99
The _________ is the measure of central tendency that is most sensitive to extreme values in a distribution.
Standard Deviation
Mode
Median
Mean
100
Expectation effects is a threat to which type of validity?
Internal validity
Face Validity
Construct validity
External validity

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