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2021 AP Psych Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
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2021 AP Psych Exam Review
2021 AP Psych Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
2
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
latency
anal
genital
3
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
thalamus
location of injury
cortex
4
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
reticular formation
brainstem
cerebellum
5
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
corpus callosum
medulla
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
6
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
7
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
8
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
observational learning
classical conditioning
9
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
delta
gamma
alpha
10
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
11
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
physiological recordings
direct observation
psychological tests
12
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
13
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
14
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test norms
test scores
15
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
16
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
episodic
crystallized
fluid
17
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
sensation
processing
18
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
food/meat powder
light
salivation
19
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a sedative
a hallucinogen
20
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
extinction
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
21
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
22
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
23
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
personality
behavioral quality
temperament
24
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
25
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
midpoint
median
mode
26
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
27
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
28
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
29
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
30
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
31
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
the control group
32
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
musical
33
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
prefrontal cortex
34
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
teratogens
prenatals
opiates
35
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
36
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
representativeness
predictability
consistency
37
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
38
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
39
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
40
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
41
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
42
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
43
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
shaping
44
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
pitch
decibels
timbre
45
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
saturation
brightness
color
46
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
47
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
48
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
postconventional
conventional
concrete
49
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
50
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
51
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
52
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
53
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
54
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
55
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
56
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
57
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
introspection
mentalism
intelligence
58
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
59
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
short-term
sensory
long-term
60
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
61
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
62
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
behavioral
humanistic
psychoanalytic
63
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
64
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
65
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
subliminal perception
66
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
avoidance
67
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
68
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
schematizing
stereotypes
69
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
70
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
71
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
chunk
script
semantic network
72
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
action potentials
agonists
neurotransmitters
73
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
reiteration
relearning
recall
74
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
endocrine system
75
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in neuroticism
76
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
pineal gland
77
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
78
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
79
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
80
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
81
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
fear the dark
sing a song
tie shoe laces
82
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a potential score
a percentile score
mental age
83
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
84
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
sadness
fear
surprise
85
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
constancy
closure
similiarity
86
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
87
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
lens
iris
vitreous humor
88
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
89
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
insight learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
90
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
insomnia
91
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
92
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
cochlea
temporal lobe
oval window
93
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
percentiles
94
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
95
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
encephalitis
96
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
modeled
retrieved
ablated
97
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
98
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
99
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
100
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
