2nd semester 7th grade exam

A flat area of land that is elevated or raised, above the land around it

A Chinese philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with nature

A vast empire that ruled over lands in Africa, the Middle East and Asia

Marketplace in ancient Greece

The temple built on the acropolis above Athens, honoring Athena

Great Persian king who ruled from 522-486 BC

A fortress built to protect a city

A network of roads along which traders traveled

An official of Rome elected by Plebeians to represent them

Honoring ancestors through rituals such as offering food

A belief found in Hinduism and other Indian traditions that a person has a duty or obligation to live an honorable life

A Chinese philosophy that emphasizes strict obedience to laws

Government in which power is held by the people

The founder of Christianity upon whose life and teachings the religion is based

The ruler of a vast empire that extended from Macedonia to India in the 300s BC

The four basic doctrines of Buddhism

A large landmass that is smaller than a continent

A Chinese philosophy that emphasizes proper behavior

A city-state in Greece known for it's military oligarchy

The center of most of the important public activities of the city of Rome and its empire

The belief that a person's soul is reborn into a new body after death

A large Roman stadium used for chariot races

A Roman general who ended the Roman Republic when he seized power and became dictator for life

A key idea of Buddhism whereby followers should live their lives according to these 8 teachings

A person who gives up worldly pleasures

Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son, Octavian; Rome's first emperor

Roman emperor who was the first to accept Christianity

In the Roman Republic one of the common people

In Athens, group of 500 citizens chosen to form a council

A strong wind that brings heavy rain to southern Asia in the summer

A class, or group in Hindu society

Small group of Spartans who made all the important governing decisions

A government in which the ruling power is in the hands of a few people

A form of government in which leaders are elected to represent the people

A region in the Huang He River Valley where Chinese civilization began

A network of trade routes that stretched for more than four thousand miles across Asia

A large arena in Rome where gladiator contests and other games were held

A series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage for control of the Mediterranean

A government in which the ruling power is in the hands of one person

Athletic events held as part of a festival honoring Athena

An ancient inhabitant of Etruria, a land in north and central Italy

The period of fighting between the Persians and Greek city-states for control of land

A power of law believed to be granted by the heavens

In the Roman Republic, a member of the upper ruling class

A piece of bone or shell heated and cracked by holy men to seek advice from a king's ancestors

One of the first major settlements in ancient India that became a center of the Indus Valley Civilization

A Sanskrit word meaning "enlightened", the name given to the man who founded Buddhism

Having characteristics of Roman culture with a strong Greek influence

One of the first Chinese dynasties

A group of 300 men elected to govern Rome

The war fought between Athens and Sparta that involved other city-states

A pipe used to carry away flowing water, often dirty water

A city-state in Greece that was the first to have a democracy

A member of the most powerful class in ancient Greek society

A person trained to fight for public entertainment

A collection of ancient writings viewed as sacred by many Hindus

An ideal state of happiness and peace

A set of basic laws

A line of rulers in China that ruled after the Shang Dynasty

Goods or money given to the poor

A group of citizens, in an ancient Greek democracy, with the power to pass laws

The hill above a Greek city, on which temples were built

An early civilization known for its advanced culture that developed in the Indus River in India

A group of people traveling together

The ruler of the Mauryan Empire whose edicts reflected Buddhist values

A 200 year period of peace and stability

The empire covering much of northern India that was ruled by the Gupta's

A concept in Hinduism about how good and evil in past determines what happens to one's soul in the next life

Son of Darius, ruler of Persia, eventually defeated by the Greeks

The capital city of Roman civilization

One of two chief leaders in Rome

The religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus

A command obeyed like a law

The spreading of cultural traits from one culture to another

A government in which absolute power is held by a person who is not a lawful king

A person who has certain rights and duties in a city-state or nation

A religion that developed in India over many centuries; it traces its roots to older traditions such as Vedic beliefs

Empire during which the Mauryan family unified India for the first time

The state of gaining spiritual insight and finding universal truth; the goal of Buddhists