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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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Questions
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Answers
1
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
2
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
3
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight learning
4
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
5
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
sedatives
alcohol
cannabis
6
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
crystallized
procedural
episodic
7
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
8
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
9
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
abstract operations
physical interaction
10
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
absolute
construct
11
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
12
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
13
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
14
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
15
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender differences
16
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
17
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
tumor ligation
lesioning
18
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
19
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
light
salivation
tone
20
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
21
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
22
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
23
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
24
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
repression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
25
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
physiological recordings
direct observation
psychological tests
26
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
27
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
28
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
29
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
30
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
31
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
32
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
33
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
collectivism
attributionism
functionalism
34
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
35
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
syntax
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
36
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
pineal gland
thalamus
37
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
spatial
mechanical
musical
38
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
representativeness
consistency
predictability
39
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
reasoning
insight
creativity
40
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
attachment probing
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
41
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
phonemic
mnemonic
42
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
43
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
semantic network
chunk
44
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
45
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
obsessions
hallucinations
delusions
46
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
parental investments
investment differentiations
display rules
47
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
48
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
escape learning
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
49
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
memory
feeding
the endocrine system
50
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
fill-feed
boat-goat
car-nose
51
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
saturation
color
brightness
52
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
REM
stage 4
stage 2
53
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
social charm
aggressiveness
54
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
55
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
56
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
57
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
58
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
59
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
William James
60
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
61
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
sensation
hypnosis
consciousness
62
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
63
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
short-term
64
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
65
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
66
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
teratogens
opiates
pathogens
67
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
68
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
69
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
70
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
71
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
decibels
pitch
loudness
72
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
encoded
retrieved
ablated
73
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
74
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
75
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
76
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
preconventional
postconventional
conventional
77
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
78
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
neodynamism
79
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
sadness
surprise
happiness
80
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
81
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
82
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
83
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
84
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
hallucinations
85
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
86
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
87
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
88
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
marijuana
cocaine
heroin
89
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
90
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the brain
the unconscious
behavior
91
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
longitundinal
time of testing
sequential
92
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
93
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
group polarization
conformity
social loafing
94
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
95
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
96
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
displacement
compensation
regression
97
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
location of injury
cortex
spinal cord
98
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
endorphin
serotonin
acetylcholine
99
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
a sedative
100
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
IQ
a percentile score
a potential score
101
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
introspection
intelligence
102
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
103
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
a personality test
an achievement test
an aptitude test
104
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
the experimental group
105
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
106
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
stirrup
oval window
cochlea
107
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cultural direction
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
108
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
endocrine system
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
109
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
processing
sensation
perception
110
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
delta
gamma
alpha
111
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
112
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
drive theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
113
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
114
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
115
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
psychoanalytic
humanistic
cognitive
116
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
centration
egocentrism
reversibility
117
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
agonists
action potentials
neurotransmitters
118
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in openness
119
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
rabbit
120
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
correlation coefficients
percentiles
standard deviation
means
121
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
medulla
122
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
an obsession
a compulsion
a delusion
123
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
shaping
stimulus discrimination
selection
124
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
125
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mode
mean
median
126
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
127
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
128
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
marital problems
bipolar disorder
129
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test levels
test scores
test norms
130
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
conflict
change
frustration
131
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
cookie
132
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
133
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
134
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
latency
oral
genital
135
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
constancy
symmetry
136
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
137
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
operant conditioning
punishment
classical conditioning
138
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
139
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
140
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
141
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
142
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
143
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
personality
144
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
bipolar
dissociative
unipolar
145
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
personality
behavioral quality
attachment
146
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
147
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
vitreous humor
iris
cornea
148
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
extinction
conditioned forgetting
149
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
recognition
reiteration
relearning
150
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
