November 25th Criminological Research Methods

Question 1

Researchers in Ontario must receive informed consent in writing.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 2

A mode of causal reasoning that seeks a detailed understanding of all factors that contribute to a particular phenomenon

Accepted Answer

The idiographic approach

Question 3

Outcome of a random event may be any one of several possible outcomes of which we can estimate with mathematics as per

Accepted Answer

Probability theory

Question 4

which one of these is not a form of probability sampling?

Accepted Answer

quota sampling

Question 5

Going from an 'abstract concept' to a measurable variable means developing a(n)

Accepted Answer

operational definition

Question 6

___ can quantify things like attitudes, behaviours, or attributes on a continuous or categorical spectrum

Accepted Answer

Scales

Question 7

A _____, wherein we are told certain things about reality and accept and agree with what we are told

Accepted Answer

Agreement reality

Question 8

Naturally occurring groups in a population

Accepted Answer

clusters

Question 9

A study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal study

Question 10

A longitudinal study in which information is collected from the same people at different points of time

Accepted Answer

Panel study

Question 11

I pick the first person in a sample frame, and then every 5th person after them. What sampling technique am I using?

Accepted Answer

Systematic Random Sampling

Question 12

Research shows people with higher levels of education tend to have higher incomes. This is an example of a 'regularity'

Accepted Answer

True

Question 13

The _____ test involves giving different questions from one instrument to the same people

Accepted Answer

split-half

Question 14

Complete this sentence: "Theories are ___________, ___________, and ____________.

Accepted Answer

Falsifiable, parsimonious, serendipitous.

Question 15

Per _______, the distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases.

Accepted Answer

Central Limit Theorem

Question 16

This is necessary for probability sampling, it is an exact list of all the elements in a population

Accepted Answer

Sampling Frame

Question 17

The trustworthiness of interpretations based on the research subjects' perspective

Accepted Answer

credibility

Question 18

Sampling technique where proportion of each stratum is intentionally different from the target population's proportion

Accepted Answer

Disproportionate stratified sampling

Question 19

A carefully worded statement of how an article defines a concept; typically resembling a dictionary definition

Accepted Answer

A nominal definition, A conceptual definition

Question 20

A method of selecting a sample from a population in such a way that every individual in the population

Accepted Answer

Simple Random Sampling

Question 21

Subgroups within your target population used in stratified random sampling

Accepted Answer

strata

Question 22

Knowledge based on observations that only confirm what the observer expects or wants to see

Accepted Answer

Selective observation

Question 23

Trustworthy research has four main attributes:

Accepted Answer

credibility, transferability, reflexivity, confirmability

Question 24

Failure of a respondent to provide an answer to a survey question.

Accepted Answer

Item non-response

Question 25

This can be tested with the inter-rater method.

Accepted Answer

Dependability

Question 26

Assumes that a generalized cultural value applies equally well to all members of the culture.

Accepted Answer

Ecological fallacy

Question 27

An exact indication of how a concept is recognized and measured

Accepted Answer

empirical indicator

Question 28

Which one of these is NOT a part of inductive research?

Accepted Answer

Structured and systematic

Question 29

Explaining complex phenomena by breaking them into simpler, more fundamental components-sometimes oversimplifying them

Accepted Answer

Reductionism

Question 30

Postcolonialism-as an analytical tool

Accepted Answer

Embraces more pluralist understandings of culture

Question 31

A study in which a population is studied over time. However, data may be collected from different people each time.

Accepted Answer

A cohort study

Question 32

A validity test in which a person's judgment validates based on appearance

Accepted Answer

face validity

Question 33

What does 'validity' in criminological research measure?

Accepted Answer

Accuracy of the measurements

Question 34

If a researcher makes a conclusion in their research based on an established pattern, they are using:

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning

Question 35

Illogical reasoning is when we prematurely jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of invalid assumptions

Accepted Answer

True

Question 36

A hypothesis suggesting there will not be a relationship between the dependent and independent variable

Accepted Answer

Null hypothesis

Question 37

What does OCAP stand for?

Accepted Answer

ownership, control, access, and possession

Question 38

When an apparent relation between two concepts is the result of some third concept influencing both of them

Accepted Answer

Spuriousness

Question 39

A type of categorical variable that adopts one of only two possibilities

Accepted Answer

dichotomous variable

Question 40

Tautology is best described as

Accepted Answer

Circular reasoning; employed when a causal statement is true by definition

Question 41

His reasoning is ________ because it generalizes from specific observations to a broader conclusion

Accepted Answer

Inductive

Question 42

What would the best definition for 'reliability' be?

Accepted Answer

The extent to which repeated testing of a concept produces the same result

Question 43

A variable that includes ordered data that has an equivalent distance between points and has a true zero.

Accepted Answer

ratio variable

Question 44

Research fatigue happens when a community perceives that researchers have done too much for them

Accepted Answer

False

Question 45

A regular pattern in the population causing certain individuals or groups to be over/underrepresented is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Periodicity

Question 46

which one of these is not a form of non-probability sampling?

Accepted Answer

cluster sampling

Question 47

Typically consists of statements where respondents indicate their level of agreement or disagreement on a fixed scale

Accepted Answer

Likert scale

Question 48

The quality that occurs when sample characteristics important to the study resemble what is found in the population

Accepted Answer

Representativeness

Question 49

Homelessness: Persons living on the streets or without a shelter, or with no usual place of residence

Accepted Answer

is an example of a conceptual definition

Question 50

Which of the following is synonymous with time-series research?

Accepted Answer

Trend study

Question 51

Is calculated by dividing the sample size by the total population size

Accepted Answer

Sampling ratio

Question 52

Which data collection method is best for understanding in-depth experiences of offenders?

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research

Question 53

A(n) __________ variable is a variable that explains the relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

An intervening (AKA mediating) variable

Question 54

Approach of studying a culture's behaviour from the perspective of an insider

Accepted Answer

The emic perspective

Question 55

In an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect.

Accepted Answer

A confounding variable

Question 56

Researchers look at a measure’s reliability from the perspectives of ___, ___, and ___.

Accepted Answer

stability, equivalence, and internal consistency

Question 57

If a measure is stable, it will yield similar results when administered to the same individuals on different occasions.

Accepted Answer

This can be tested with the test-retest method

Question 58

Which criterion is not present in the Wigmore Test?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent must be sought out by the researcher prior to research

Question 59

y The degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within a concept.

Accepted Answer

Content validity

Question 60

In Canada, researchers need to inform people that they are being observed for study, even if it's a public space

Accepted Answer

False

Question 61

A form of cluster sampling in which the clusters are designated based on geographic spaces.

Accepted Answer

Area sampling

Question 62

Anonymity in a study is accomplished when the lead researcher is the only person that knows the names of participants

Accepted Answer

False

Question 63

Which of these is one of the six types of knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Authority

Question 64

A validity test that finds the extent to which scores on multiple indicators are related to one another

Accepted Answer

construct validity

November 25th Criminological Research Methods

Questions 68

November 25th Criminological Research Methods

Questions 68