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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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1
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
pressure
conflict
change
2
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
marijuana
mescaline
heroin
3
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
4
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a sedative
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
5
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
sing a song
fear the dark
6
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
subliminal perception
7
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
pancreas
8
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
9
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the control group
the observational group
the correlational group
10
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
11
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test norms
test scales
test scores
12
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
13
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
14
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
bipolar
15
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
16
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete storage failure
17
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
18
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
19
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
psychoanalytic
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
20
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
panic disorder
fugue
21
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
insomnia
22
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
23
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
fixation
regression
displacement
24
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in neuroticism
25
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
26
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
27
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
perception
attention
processing
28
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
29
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
marital problems
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
30
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
repression
31
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
brightness
saturation
color
32
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
33
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
34
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
classical conditioning
latent learning
operant conditioning
35
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
means
36
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
37
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
38
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
semantic network
chunk
39
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
40
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
41
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 4
REM
stage 2
42
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
43
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
conformity
obedience
cognitive dissonance
44
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
45
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
personality
46
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
47
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
narcotics
alcohol
cannabis
48
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
49
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
temperament
personality
behavioral quality
50
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
51
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
shaping
52
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a compulsion
an obsession
a delusion
53
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
54
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thalamus
pituitary
thyroid
55
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
56
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the unconscious
the brain
conscious experience
57
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
insight
creativity
reasoning
58
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
cochlea
59
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
60
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
tone
light
61
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
beta
gamma
62
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
physical interaction
logical reasoning
63
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
decibels
loudness
64
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
65
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
66
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
postconventional
concrete
conventional
67
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
68
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recall
recognition
69
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
70
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
71
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
predictability
representativeness
consistency
72
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
overextension
fast-mapping
73
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
intelligence
cognition
mentalism
74
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
time of testing
cross-sectional
sequential
75
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
procedural
episodic
crystallized
76
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
77
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
consciousness
hypnosis
sensation
78
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
79
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
80
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
content validity
81
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
82
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
resistance to pain
83
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
functionalism
attributionism
individualism
84
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
a projective test
a self-report inventory
85
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
genital
anal
oral
86
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
87
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
absolute threshold
88
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
89
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
90
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
musical
spatial
91
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
observational learning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
92
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
93
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
constancy
closure
similiarity
94
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
95
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
sensory
intermediate-term
short-term
96
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
97
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
opiates
teratogens
prenatals
98
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
action potentials
agonists
neurotransmitters
99
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
modeled
encoded
retrieved
100
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
punishment
observational learning
classical conditioning
101
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
102
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
median
mode
midpoint
103
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
104
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
syntax
morphemes
phonemes
105
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
106
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
107
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
spinal cord
cortex
thalamus
108
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
serotonin
acetylcholine
endorphin
109
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
drive theory
110
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
111
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
112
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
escape learning
positive reinforcement
113
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
114
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
115
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
116
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
117
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
attachment probing
strange situation
118
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
119
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
120
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
121
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
happiness
sadness
surprise
122
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
123
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
124
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
questionnaires
physiological recordings
psychological tests
125
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
126
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
127
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
128
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
thalamus
129
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
reticular formation
brainstem
cerebellum
130
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
lens
vitreous humor
cornea
131
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
132
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
reversibility
egocentrism
centration
conservation
133
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
gender stereotypes
134
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
self-serving bias
stereotypes
attributions
135
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
social loafing
group polarization
conformity
136
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
137
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
criterion-related
content
absolute
138
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
139
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
140
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
