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EBM Holy Grail! Part 1 Flashcards | StudBud
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EBM Holy Grail! Part 1
EBM Holy Grail! Part 1
116 terms
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1
What is the purpose of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
To test the effectiveness of a new treatment
To collect qualitative data
To observe natural phenomena
To analyze existing data
2
What is a cohort study design?
A study comparing groups with and without an exposure over time.
A randomized trial to test the efficacy of an intervention.
A cross-sectional study measuring data at a single point in time.
A study collecting and analyzing multiple study results.
3
What is the main focus of qualitative research?
Predicting future outcomes
Identifying cause-and-effect relationships
Understanding the meaning and context of experiences
Generalizing findings to a population
4
What are the disadvantages of using a case report study design?
Extensive time and resources required
Limited information about rare diseases or conditions
Limited generalizability to larger populations
No identification of cause-and-effect relationships
5
What is the meaning of external validity?
The accuracy of measurement in a study
The ability to generalize research findings to the real world
The consistency of results across different studies
The extent to which a study measures what it intends to measure
6
What is the meaning of reliability in EBM?
Speed and efficiency
Accuracy and precision
Consistency and dependability
Innovation and creativity
7
Are case-control studies limited by recall bias?
False
True
8
What is CASP tool and what type of studies does it test for?
A guideline for writing systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
A scoring system for grading statistical methods in research.
A checklist for assessing experiments and lab-based studies.
A tool for evaluating qualitative and quantitative studies.
9
What framework is used for clinical questions in systematic reviews?
GRADE
PICO
PRISMA
Cochrane
10
What things can a Physicians associate can NOT perform or do?
Take full medical histories and document patient information
Prescribe medication
Perform examinations and take blood
Issue Ionising Radiation tests by themselves
11
Is convenience sampling a method of selecting a sample based on ease and accessibility?
False
True
12
What is a benefit of using a cross-sectional study design?
Provides information about the prevalence of a condition
Allows for the assessment of temporal relationships
Allows for the examination of multiple variables at one point in time
Provides information about the natural history of a disease
13
Which of the following is a limitation of cross-sectional studies?
Can be time-consuming and expensive
Does not provide information about the incidence of a condition
Cannot establish causality
Requires a large sample size
14
What is a potential limitation of a case-control study?
Selection bias
Limited generalizability
Inability to establish causality
Confounding variables
15
What does PICO/PECO stand for in healthcare?
Population Intervention/Exposure Control Outcome
Patient Experience Comparison Outcome
Powerful Electronic Control Operator
Painful External Cavity Operation
16
Recall bias occurs when researchers intentionally manipulate participant responses.
True
False
17
What is the purpose of observational/cross-sectional research?
To manipulate variables
To conduct interviews
To analyze data
To observe behavior
18
What is the definition of Narrative in research?
Storytelling in research
Data analysis technique
Quantitative research method
Research ethics guideline
19
What qualities make a good leader?
Being the most knowledgeable
Strictness and discipline
Micromanaging every task
Empathy and compassion
20
what are paradigms for studies?
All the above
Critical theory
Interpretivism
Realism
Positivism
21
Why can research be rejected for publication?
Paper was badly written
did not address the issue
All the above
significant conflict of interest
Not original
Didn’t test hypothesis
22
What is the main focus of Grounded Theory?
Theory testing
Statistical analysis
Theory development
Data collection
23
What is the benefit of a case-control study?
Provides a clear cause-and-effect relationship
Allows for the study of rare diseases
Requires a large sample size
Can be used to establish temporal relationships
24
What is the purpose of Quantitative research?
To describe and analyze
To explore and understand
To measure and quantify
To observe and record
25
What is a systemic review research study design?
A review that collects and analyzes all relevant research on a topic.
A method for conducting experiments in a controlled setting.
A study focusing on a single case or participant.
A design for gathering data through surveys or interviews.
26
What is the importance of risk assessment?
Reporting and raising concerns
Task control, and assess risk
Identify near misses
Identify what can go wrong
Identify areas of improvement
Duty of candour
27
What is the importance of an RCT in medical research?
To analyze existing data
To collect qualitative data
To test the effectiveness and safety of new treatments
To observe natural phenomena
28
What does Grounded Theory aim to do?
Test existing theories
Create hypotheses
Generate new theories
Analyze data
29
What is a pro of case-control studies?
They allow for longitudinal data collection
They are cost-effective and time-efficient
They provide direct cause-and-effect relationships
They can be used to study rare diseases
30
What is the meaning of rigour in research?
Subjectivity and bias
Lack of flexibility
Precision and accuracy
Randomness and chance
31
What is one way to improve patient safety?
Not using gloves
Skipping hand washing
Regular hand washing
Ignoring safety protocols
32
What is the role of a leader in delegating (Laissez-Faire) leadership?
Micromanaging every detail
Ignoring tasks and responsibilities
Assigning tasks and responsibilities
Taking control of all tasks
33
How does transformational leadership impact followers?
It discourages followers from reaching their full potential
It inspires and motivates followers to achieve their full potential
It is passive and uninvolved
It controls and dictates followers' actions
34
How can leaders promote teamwork?
Encouraging collaboration and cooperation
Discouraging open communication
Assigning individual tasks only
Creating a competitive environment
35
What does NOIR stand for in research?
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Normal Ordinary Inrerview Representatives
36
Describe what critical appraisal is?
process to evaluate trustworthiness, value & relevance of work
method for conducting experiments and generating new data
A strategy for searching databases to find academic articles
process of summarizing research articles without evaluating their quality
37
Meta-analysis summarizes research well but can mislead if rules are broken or poor-quality studies are included.
True
False
38
What is purposive sampling?
A method of selecting participants randomly
A method of selecting participants based on their availability
A method of selecting participants based on convenience
A method of selecting participants based on specific criteria
39
What are some controls of bias?
aware of bias to help critique studies and plan to minimise them
appropriate design and planning
All the above
standardisation of methods
blinding the evaluator and the participant
training of research
40
Why is double blinding important in research?
To enhance collaboration among researchers
To increase funding opportunities
To improve research design
To ensure accurate data collection
41
What is the best type of leadership in healthcare?
participative (democratic)
transformational (visionary)
authoritarian (autocratic)
transactional (managerial)
delegative (laissez-faire)
42
Which is a limitation of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)?
They ensure unbiased distribution of confounders.
They effectively evaluate the efficacy of treatments.
They are expensive and may have low generalizability.
They provide high internal validity for interventions.
43
The role of the MDT is to work together to make decisions regarding the treatment for patients.
False
True
44
Validity in evidence-based medicine refers to the accuracy and reliability of the research findings.
False
True
45
Is effective communication among healthcare providers important for patient safety?
True
False
46
What types of data are there?
Systemic
Ratio
Interval
Primary
Ordinal
Nominal
47
What are the characteristics of qualitative research?
Generalisation
Close-ended questions
Measurable data
Reusable
Large sample size
Reliable
48
What is confounding bias?
An error from using unreliable measurement tools.
A bias caused by selecting an unrepresentative study sample.
A random error that occurs during data analysis.
When an outside factor distorts the relationship between variables.
49
What is attrition bias?
A bias caused by participant selection
A bias caused by random chance
A bias caused by researchers manipulating data
A bias caused by participants dropping out of a study
50
How can leaders motivate their team?
Setting unrealistic goals
Ignoring the team's efforts
Recognizing and rewarding achievements
Being overly critical
51
What is the definition of Conformability?
The ability to adapt or adjust to new situations
The quality of being compliant or obedient
The act of following rules or norms
The process of fitting in with a group
52
What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
Data analysis techniques
Data collection methods
All of the above
Research focus
53
Is RCT study design considered the gold standard for clinical research?
True
False
54
Systematic reviews always provide quick results and are free from bias.
False
True
55
Why is it important to control for extraneous variables?
To make the experiment more complicated
To make the experiment more interesting
To make the experiment longer
To ensure accurate results
56
What are some Key factors of Professionalism in the PA course?
All the above
An advocate for patient
Make informed decisions on behalf of patient care
Make the care of patient your first concern
Know the PA code of conduct
Work in a MDT
57
What is the purpose of randomization in an RCT?
To ensure all participants are similar
To make the study more complicated
To collect qualitative data
To introduce bias into the study
58
What is generalisability in evidence-based medicine?
The evaluation of the quality of research studies
The process of conducting experiments in a laboratory
The ability to apply research findings to a broader population
The use of statistical analysis to interpret research data
59
Does observational/cross-sectional research design analyse data from a population at a single point in time.
True
False
60
Berksonian (admission) bias is admission rate bias e.g if the participants were not taken from the general population.
False
True
61
What is the main characteristic of observational/cross-sectional research?
No manipulation of variables
Longitudinal data collection
Controlled environment
Random assignment
62
What are the characteristics of qualitative research?
Natural environment
Open ended questions
Interpretative
More in depth insight
More difficult to replicate and get same results
A holistic account
63
What are the advantages of using a case report study design?
Replication and generalization to larger populations
Detailed information about rare diseases or conditions
Identification of cause-and-effect relationships
Less time and resources required
64
Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
Subjective and interpretive
Quantifiable and measurable
Objective and unbiased
Standardized and controlled
65
What can healthcare providers do to enhance patient safety?
Ignoring patient feedback
Not following hygiene practices
Disregarding safety protocols
Implementing safety protocols
66
what is a meta-analysis research study design?
A research approach for conducting laboratory experiments.
A design focused on observing and describing individual cases.
A study that collects data through interviews or surveys.
A statistical method combining results from multiple studies.
67
Which of the following contributes to patient safety?
Proper documentation
Ignoring medical history
Disregarding patient records
Incomplete documentation
68
What can go wrong in healthcare?
All the above
Hospital acquired infections
Communication failures
Medication & equipment errors
Diagnostic errors
Surgical errors
69
What is a case report study design used for?
A report on a series of cases with an outcome interest no control group
To replicate and generalize findings to larger populations
To study large populations and identify cause-and-effect relationships
To provide detailed information about rare diseases or conditions
70
What is population sampling?
A method of taking a subset of people that represent the wider population
Determining the distribution of a specific trait in a population
Counting the total number of individuals in a population
Estimating the average age of a population
71
What does bias mean in research?
A preference for one study method over another.
A random mistake made during data collection.
A systematic error that skews results or conclusions
An assumption that research findings are always accurate.
72
Why is randomization important in research?
To save time and resources
To ensure ethical standards
To minimize bias
To increase sample size
73
The naturalistic qualitative research involves no manipulation, lab conditions and is not quantifiable.
True
False
74
How can Transferability be defined in research?
The concept of transferring
The process of transferring
The act of transferring from one context to another
The ability to transfer
75
How does Participative leadership involve employees?
In performance evaluations
In micromanagement
In decision-making on matters that affect their lives
In top-down communication
76
What is a con of case-control studies?
They are difficult to analyze statistically
They require large sample sizes
They are not suitable for studying genetic factors
They are prone to recall bias
77
What is the purpose of phenomenological research?
To prove scientific theories
To analyze historical events
To understand unique lived in experiences
To explore cultural practices
78
What is the advantage of using observational/cross-sectional research design?
Allows for manipulation of variables
Provides detailed information and can use larger sample sizes
Allows for longitudinal analysis
Allows for causal inferences
79
What is the purpose of blinding in an RCT?
To make the study more complicated
To minimize the influence of expectations on the results
To collect qualitative data
To introduce bias into the study
80
What are some barriers to patient safety?
fear
diffuse accountability
Lack of leadership
hierarchical authority
All the above
81
Which framework is used for developing focused focused clinical questions for quantitaive systematic reviews?
Cochrane
PRISMA
GRADE
PICO
82
Is ordinal data type a type of data with categories with ranking or order?
False
True
83
How can leaders inspire their team members?
Focusing only on personal success
Being indifferent and uninvolved
Discouraging creativity and innovation
Leading by example and setting a vision
84
What is a case-control study?
Compare incidence of disease between non and exposed participants
Randomised selection of patients
Doesn’t follow up disease incidences
85
What is another name for Participative leadership?
Transactional leadership
Democratic leadership
Dictatorial leadership
Paternalistic leadership
86
Which is a limitation of a cohort study design?
It follows a group exposed to a treatment or risk factor over time.
It is expensive and requires long follow-up periods.
It is ideal for studying rare diseases or exposures.
It can establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome.
87
Is authoritarian (autocratic) leadership characterized by strict control and centralized decision-making?
False
True
88
Why are reflections important in healthcare and patient safety?
Monitor performance
To grow self confidence
Help make informed choices
All the above
Gain control over thoughts & emotions
89
What is nominal data?
Data with outliers
Data with numbers and graphs
Data with categories without ranking
Data with categories with ranking
90
What is the control group in an RCT?
The group that provides qualitative data
The group that is observed
The group that receives the treatment
The group that does not receive the treatment
91
What is internal validity in Evidence-Based Medicine?
The reliability of research findings
The generalizability of research findings
The extent a study properly measures what it is meant to
The relevance of research findings
92
What is the indicative reasoning approach?
A method of reasoning based on guesswork
A method of reasoning based on emotions
A method of reasoning based on intuition
A method of reasoning based on evidence and facts
93
Interval data does NOT involve ordered data and difference between values as meaningful.
True
False
94
What is the purpose of an audit in research?
To ensure accuracy and reliability of data
To promote competition among researchers
To increase research funding
To delay the publication process
95
What is information bias?
A measurement error or misclassification or participants or key variables
An unrepresentative sample affecting study outcomes
A distortion caused by external factors influencing variables
Random errors during statistical analysis of data
96
Selection bias occurs when the participants selected for a study are not representative of the population being studied.
True
False
97
Which statement describes deductive reasoning?
Starting with general principles and drawing specific conclusions
Starting with random ideas and drawing random conclusions
Starting with emotional reactions and drawing logical conclusions
Starting with specific observations and drawing general conclusions
98
What is thematic analysis?
A type of experimental design
A statistical analysis technique
A method of analyzing qualitative data
A form of content analysis
99
What is a benefit of a cohort study design?
It is quick and inexpensive to conduct with short follow-up.
It allows for studying multiple outcomes from a single
It is ideal for evaluating the efficacy of specific interventions.
It can establish cause-and-effect relationships through randomization.
100
How many protected characteristics are there?
9
2
5
7
101
What does Quantitative research focus on?
Statistical analysis
Descriptive analysis
Observational analysis
Qualitative analysis
102
What is blinding in an RCT?
The process of analyzing data
The process of keeping participants unaware of their group assignment
The process of collecting qualitative data
The process of selecting participants
103
What is the importance of decision-making in leadership?
Avoiding responsibility
Delaying progress
Making impulsive choices
Driving progress and achieving goals
104
Is observational bias or misclassification bias the same as information bias?
True
False
105
What is the advantage of using focus groups in research?
Reduces the need for participant recruitment
Provides quick and easy data collection
Allows for in-depth exploration of topics
Ensures objective and unbiased results
106
What is an important aspect of patient safety?
Lack of empathy
Patient-centered care
Ignoring patient preferences
Neglecting patient needs
107
Ratio data type is interval data but has meaningful zero values.
True
False
108
What quantitative study design are there?
Experimental research
Correlational
Causal-comparative
Quasi-experimental
Descriptive
All the above
109
What is a surrogate endpoint?
A research method used in psychology
A measurement used as a substitute for a clinical endpoint
A statistical analysis technique
A type of medical treatment
110
Systematic reviews summarize studies objectively but can be time-consuming and subject to observer bias.
True
False
111
Who are most at risk of patient safety?
Elderly
Mental health patients
Mothers and babies
Those with learning disabilities
Frailty
112
What is the purpose of qualitative research?
To test hypotheses and make predictions
To explore and understand phenomena
To conduct experiments and control variables
To collect numerical data and analyze statistics
113
Which leadership style may be effective in crisis situations?
Autocratic leadership
Democratic leadership
Laissez-faire leadership
Authoritarian leadership
Transformational leadership
114
Is Ethnography the study of different cultures and societies?
True
False
115
what types of leaderships styles are there?
authoritarian (autocratic)
transactional (managerial)
participative (democratic)
transformational (visionary)
delegative (laissez-faire)
116
Which research method focuses on in-depth interviews and observations?
Survey research
Experimental research
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
