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Duplicate of 4. APES Unit 4 Earth Systems and Resources Flashcards | StudBud
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Duplicate of 4. APES Unit 4 Earth Systems and Resources
Duplicate of 4. APES Unit 4 Earth Systems and Resources
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AP Environmental Science review covering Earth Systems.
Flashcards
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Answers
1
What are the most widely used nonmetallic minerals?
Sand and gravel.
Phosphate salts and gravel.
Sand and phosphate salts.
Sand and limestone.
2
Which horizon has the highest organic content?
A
B
O
E
3
Which of the following describe the Ring of Fire?
All of preceding options are correct.
It is where about 90% of all earthquakes occur.
String of volcanoes and seismic activity sites
Located at edges of Pacific Ocean, at plate boundaries.
4
Causes of soil erosion include ____
water
removal of vegatation
all of these
wind
5
What type of boundary forms when oceanic plates slide & grind past one another along fractures?
A subduction zone
A trench boundary
Oceanic ridges
A transform fault
6
Which indirect effect directly impacts seasons?
Differences in solar intensity and day length.
The earth's rotation and its tilt of 23.5 degrees.
The angle of the moon.
The rotation of the earth around the sun.
7
All of the following describe internal geologic processes except:
Processes driven directly or indirectly by solar energy.
Processes that may form mountains and volcanoes.
Processes generated by heat from the earth's interior
Processes that build up the earth's surface
8
When is the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere????
April 21
July 27
June 21
August 21
9
Transform fault boundary
A
C
B
D
10
What is a tributary?
A smaller river/stream flowing into a larger river or lake.
Areas nearest the river's course that are often flooded.
A smaller stream flowing into a canal
A smaller river flowing into a smaller one.
11
This can be added to a soil to increase porosity and water infiltration.
silt
sand
clay
humus
12
Which phase of the ENSO cycle is pictured below?
Neutral
La Nina
El Nino
13
The best type of soil is
clay
silty loam
loam
sandy clay loam
14
At which level of the soil profile are you most likely to find humus?
B Horizon
A Horizon
C Horizon
15
About 75-80% of the earth's air mass is found in the
Exosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Thermosphere
16
Which of the following are characteristics of atmospheric pressure? (Check all that apply)
Would be weakest at sea level.
It is the force, or mass, per unit area of a column of air.
It is the force caused by the bombardment of molecules
Decreases with altitude.
17
What is the troposphere?
Not a layer of the atmosphere
The second layer of the atmosqhere
the third layer of the atmosphere
The first layer of the atmosphere
18
All of the following are ways in which metamorphic rock forms except:
When animal and plant remains are deposited in layers.
When preexisting rock is subjected to high pressures
When chemically active fluids reform preexisting rocks.
When rock is subjected to high temperatures
19
What is a rock?
A concentration of naturally occurring material from crust.
A solid combination of one or more minerals found in crust.
Contains large enough concentrations of a profitable mineral
It is made only of sediments.
20
How often does El Nino usually occur?
Every 5-10 years
Every 2-7 years
Every 4-6 years
Every 1-3 years
21
Which tectonic plate is this found on?
Nazca
Pacific
North American
Eurasian
22
The best type of soil is
clay
loam
sandy clay loam
silty loam
23
What is the focus of an earthquake?
Located directly above epicenter
Located where an earthquake ends.
Place where an earthquake begins, below surface.
Located above the surface.
24
What is an earthquake?
Shaking of ground caused by fracturing/displacement of rock
When energy suddenly forms and causes underground vibrations
Shaking caused by formation of convergent plates
Shaking caused by fracturing of divergent plate boundary
25
A crown fire recently broke out in Fremont, destroying many trees. What is a valid projection?
Soil erosion will decrease due to new plants after the fire.
It will start raining more in the area for compensation
Soil erosion will increase b/c of the lack of trees.
Another fire will break out soon.
26
What is the atmosphere?
Blanket of gases that increases in pressure with altitude.
A thin blanket of gases surround earth, divided into layers.
A blanket of gases with a homogeneous density of molecules.
A thick blanket of gases consisting of spherical layers.
27
El Nino is
Abundance of different types of species that are available
shifting of warm water pool from the Pacific towards the east
Historic temperature data average temperature increased
raising sea levels, increases chance of ice moving fast.
28
What is the Coriolis effect? (Choose all that may apply).
Occurs due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis.
It is the weakest at the poles, strongest at the equator.
The difference in rotation speed of the equator and poles causes the effect
The apparent curvature of global winds and ocean currents.
29
What is the lithosphere?
It includes only the continental and oceanic crusts.
It is the outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.
The combination of both the crust and the outer mantle.
It consists only of the layer above the asthenosphere.
30
Divergent Plate Boundary
A
E
B
C
31
What is a watershed?
Land area that delivers water & sediment to a major stream.
The saturation of soil with water, flooding the water table.
Upper surface of the zone of saturation.
Rough measure of volume of water we use to support ourselves
32
When does an equinox occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
February 14
March 21
January 1
December 25
33
All of the following are characteristics of an S wave except:
It cannot propagate in the liquid parts of the earth
Not very damaging to structures.
They are a slower type of secondary wave
it shears rock sideways at right angles
34
Which of the following locations is the site of a convergent plate boundary?
Atlantic- indian ridge
Aleutian Trench
Pacific/North American plate boundary
Mid-atlantic ridge
35
All of the following are characteristics of P waves except:
It shears rock sideways at right angles
It moves like sound waves (spreads out, compresses, dilutes)
They can travel through both solid rock and liquid material.
They are fastest type of wave
36
Unweathered hard rock that lies directly beneath the soil layers or beneath geological deposits
Rock
Stone
Bedrock
Parent Material
37
All of the following are characteristic of floodplain zones except:
Water is never muddy, and contains low amounts of silt.
Streams join into wider, deeper rivers
Water has higher temperatures and less dissolved oxygen
Fairly large populations are usually supported.
38
Which of the following does NOT describe the process of upwelling?
Occurs when cold water is pushed away & warm water rises.
Movement of nutrient-rich bottom water to ocean's surface.
During El Nino, it is reduced along the Peruvian coast.
Usually takes place along certain steep coastal areas.
39
Why does climate vary in different parts of the earth?
Uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun.
All of the options are correct reasons.
Ocean currents distribute heat and precipitation unevenly.
Global air circulation patterns distribution
40
What phenomena is being depicted here?
Rain Shadow
ENSO
Climate
Hurricane
41
Where do active volcanoes occur?
Where lava reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack.
Only in hotspots, such as Hawaii.
Where magma reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack
Never along plate boundaries.
42
Characterize the following by plate boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Himalayas, San Andreas fault
Transform; convergent; divergent
Divergent; transform; convergent
Divergent; convergent; transform
Convergent; divergent; transform
43
What are tectonic plates?
The flows of energy and heated material in convection cells.
Areas of the lithosphere that move slowly around the mantle.
The outermost and thinnest zone of the earth.
A zone of hot, melted rock that flows like plastic.
44
A soil with 30% clay, 50% sand, and 20% silt is called:
Loamy Sand
Sandy Loam
Sandy Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
45
What is weathering?
The different processes that break down rocks into soil.
Internal processes that build up the earth's surface.
The climactic changes in weather.
When acid deposition quickly breaks down monuments.
46
All of the following can cause tsunamis except:
When the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops
When certain types of faults in ocean floor move up or down
A landslide caused by an earthquake
All of these can cause tsunamis.
47
Why is clay desirable to have in soil?
adds flavor
provides ample drainage
Waterlogs the soil
retains nutrients
48
Continental-Continental Plate Boundary
B
A
D
C
49
All of the following are characteristics of the formation of oceanic gyres except:
They move clockwise in the N. Hemisphere
They bring cool air to coastline, warm air to continents
They form when water moves direction of prevailing winds
They move cold water from the poles to the equator.
50
Please list the layers of the atmosphere in order (starting from layer nearest to surface).
Troposp., Stratosp., Mesosphere, Thermosp., Exosphere
Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Thermosphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Troposphere
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
51
Which phase of the ENSO cycle is pictured below?
El Nino
Neutral
La Nina
52
The roots of most plants are concentrated in:
The O horizon and A horizon
The O horizon only.
The A horizon and B horizon
The A horizon and E horizon
53
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of floods?
Recharge groundwater & help refill wetlands.
Create and deposit nutrient-rich silt in floodplains.
Loss of life and cause severe property damage.
Support biodiversity & aquatic ecological services.
54
Interior regions of continents tend to experience more drastic fluctuations in temp. Why?
Far from oceans that moderate temperature
More biomass to absorb heat
More rain to cool the ground
More direct INSOLATION
55
perfect agricultural soil with optimal portions of sand, silt, clay (40%, 40%, 20%)
Fertilizer
Humus
Loam
Ore
56
Almost all weather occurs within the troposphere.
True
False
57
What is the cause of the Hadley cells?
The uneven heating of Earth's Surface
Trade winds
The Coriolis effect
Gravity
58
Which of the following describe La Niña?
Climate pattern that describes cooling of surface waters
Occurs along the tropical west coast of South America.
Usually causes cooler than normal temperatures.
Usually causes with warm ocean temperatures in Pacific Ocean
59
All of the following are characteristics of a mineral except:
Occurs naturally in the earth's crust as crystalline solid
Contains large enough concentration of particular mineral
May have a regularly repeating internal atomic arrangement
It is an element or inorganic ompound
60
Which of the following are characteristics of the rock cycle?
It plays a major role in forming concentrated deposits
Rocks are broken down, melted, fused together and heated.
It is the slowest of the earth's cyclic processes.
It involves, in order: erosion, weathering, transportation.
61
If the earth had no tilt. . .
Same temperatures
Same amount of daylight
All of the above
No seasons
62
Which of the following correctly lists, by (%), the present-day composition of the atmosphere?
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, CO2, Water vapor, trace gases
CO2, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water vapor, trace gases.
Oxygen, nitrogen, argon, CO2, water vapor, trace gases
Nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, argon, water vapor, trace gases
63
What causes the curved patterns of planetary wind patterns?
Moon's gravity
Earth's gravity
Earth's rotation
changes in temperature
64
What is the name of plate B?
African Plate
Pacific Plate
Philippine Plate
Cocos Plate
65
What happens in Peru when an El Nino occurs?
all of the above
fishing industry suffers
no upwelling
large amounts of rain
66
When is the Fall Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere????
July 21
September 21
June 21
November 21
67
Which of the following regarding tectonic plates is true?
Continental plates usually ride below oceanic plates.
Much geologic activity at the surface occurs at boundaries
Tectonic plates' boundaries are not active at the surface.
They do not cause/form mountains, volcanoes, or earthquakes.
68
Which of the following is the correct order of horizons in a soil profile?
A, E, C, B, O
O, A, E, B, C
A, B, C, E, O
O, E, C, B, A
69
Seafloor spreading is an example of what type of plate movement?
Divergent
Convergent (Oceanic to Continental)
Convergent (Continental to Continental)
Transform
70
At which level of the soil profile are you most likely to find humus?
B Horizon
A Horizon
C Horizon
71
Which soil horizon(s) contain(s) most of a soil's inorganic matter? (Choose all that may apply)
A Horizon
R Horizon
B Horizon
C Horizon
72
Which phase of the ENSO cycle is pictured below?
La Nina
El Nino
Neutral
73
What is the major benefit of having a healthy ozone layer?
It prevents most UV-B from reaching earth's surface.
It prevents both UV-B and UV-C from reaching earth.
It blocks all harmful waves of radiation.
It prevents UV-C from reaching earth's surface.
74
This can be added to a soil to increase porosity and water infiltration.
sand
clay
silt
humus
75
Which of the following correctly characterizes one of Earth’s atmospheric layers?
the stratosphere is where meteors are found.
the troposphere is where weather occurs.
the stratosphere is where auroras are found.
76
Which of the following is not true during an El Nino?
Peru is very dry
California gets lots of rain
Peru has low level of fishing
the trade winds reverse
77
When is the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere ????
August 21
December 21
September 21
November 21
78
Causes of soil erosion include ____
all of these
wind
water
removal of vegatation
79
What is the rich organic material which is essential to soil's fertility?
Loam
Soil Conditioner
Humus
Fertilizer
80
What are Hadley cells? (Choose all that apply).
Where air rises at equator and sinks at medium latitudes.
Large scale atmospheric convection cells
Convection currents that cycle N & S of the poles.
They involve the prevailing westerlies.
81
Himalayan Mountains
B
D
C
A
82
What are trade winds? (Choose all that apply).
Surface winds that blow East to West
In N. Hemisphere: N to E; in S. Hemisphere: S. to E
They form the Ferrel cells
Pattern of easterly surface winds in the tropics
83
What is weather? (Click all that may apply).
Includes several factors in a given area over a short period
A set of physical conditions of the lower atmosphere
The averaged conditions of a given area over much time.
The general pattern of atmospheric conditions over time.
84
All of the following describe air circulation cells except:
They include, from equator to poles: Hadley, Ferrel, Polar.
Global air circulation patterns caused by uneven heating.
They are caused by the Coriolis effect.
They are also known as ENSO.
85
Please list the different concentric zones of the earth, starting from the inner-most layer.
Core, mantle, asthenosphere, crust
Core, asthenosphere, mantle, crust
Asthenosphere, crust, mantle, core
Crust, asthenosphere, mantle, core
86
Which phenomenon is primarily responsible for local wind patterns on Earth?
Cycling of carbon and oxygen
Absorption of solar energy by Earth
Radioactive decay within Earth
Photosynthesis by green plants
87
Equinox Definition
Day and night are each about 12 hours long
Day and night are each about 1 hour long
Day and Night are each about 4 hours long
Day and night are each 5 hours long
88
Which is a consequence of an El Nino event?
Ecological collapse along the West Coast of South America
Drought in Ecuador
Monsoon rains in Indonesia
Weakening Trade Winds
89
Hurricanes are in the troposphere?
False
True
90
In a well-developed soil profile, which horizon is the uppermost layer?
the parent horizon
the A horizon
the C horizon
the B horizon
91
What is foliation?
Scratchability, or hardness, of
Ability of a mineral to break, when struck, along directions
The ratio of mass of substance to mass of volume of water
The texture of metamorphic rocks due to alignment & pressure
92
What is climate? (Click all that apply).
Short-term atmospheric conditions that change often
General patterns that occur over at least 3 decades
Weather patterns of the last week averaged together.
An area's general pattern of atmospheric conditions
93
Describe the process that forms oceanic ridges.
When oceanic plates move apart, magma flows through cracks.
When plates slide and grind past one another.
When continental plates move apart, causing magma to rise.
When two oceanic plates collide.
94
What is sedimentary rock?
Forms below or on earth's surface when lava cools.
Made of dead plant and animal remains and weathered rocks.
Forms when rock undergoes high temperatures or pressures.
Examples include sandstone, shale, slate, and marble.
95
Which type of soil has very fine particles that make for low permeability?
loam
clay
silt
sand
96
What is the ideal pH of soil?
10
8
6
2
97
All of the following are characteristics of the stratosphere except:
It contains less matter than the troposphere
Extends about 17 to 48 km above earth's surface.
It volume of water vapor is 1/1000 that of the troposphere.
Its concentration of ozone is extremely low.
98
wind in a region that blows in a fairly constant directional pattern
El Nino
Coriolis effect
current
prevailing wind
