A p-value represnts the probability of…

the sample result if H0 were true

Which is an advantage of group research over single-subject research?

Easier to compare results across studies

How many levels do the independent variables in a 3x2 design have?

1st has 3 levels, 2nd IV has 2 levels

In this design, groupA gets the treatment, and then groupB also gets the treatment later.

Pretest-posttest w/ switching replication

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221 Final Exam Review Ch 8-13

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1
A Type II error is a "_____."
false negative
true positive
false positive
true negative
2
What comes last in an APA-style reference?
Page numbers
DOI
Journal name
Year of publication
3
_____ are values that describe a population.
Parameters
Factors
Statistics
Estimates
4
The ____ is how high or low a behavior is.
Level
Latency
Factor
Trend
5
What is the test statistic for an ANOVA?
p
F
r
t
6
What is the key limitation of a one-group pretest-posttest design?
No control group
Only one measurement
No counterbalancing
No random assignment
7
A relationship is significant if…
p is greater than .5
p is greater than .05
p is less than alpha
p is greater than alpha
8
What is italicized in an APA-style References section?
Only volume number
Nothing - only bold formatting is used
Journal name and volume number
Only journal name
9
Visual inspection is a type of _____ used in _____ research.
analysis; factorial
analysis; single-subject
design; factorial
design; single-subject
10
A bar graph visualizes the ______ in a data set.
Curvilinear relationship
Means and stanrdard errors
Distribution
Linear relationship
11
This threat involves events that occur during a study that are not part of the manipulation.
Testing
History
Maturation
Mortality
12
The hypothesis that there is a relationship between two variables is the _____ hypothesis.
difference
alternative
null
treatment
13
Which test would be used to compare the means of 4 separate groups of participants?
independent-samples t-test
repeated-measures ANOVA
between-subjects ANOVA
paired-samples t-test
14
A p-value represnts the probability of…
the sample results if 1 were true
H1
the sample result if H0 were true
H0
15
This threat involves bias in choosing and assignment of participants to groups.
Testing
Mortality
Regression to the mean
Selection
16
What is the key limitation of an interrupted time-series design with nonequivalent groups?
No random assignment
Only one measurement
No control group
No counterbalancing
17
Which is an advantage of group research over single-subject research?
Requires fewer participants
Easier to compare results across studies
More flexible
Does not hide individual differences
18
Alpha is set to what value?
1
0.01
0.5
0.05
19
The _____ is the average distance between each score and the mean.
Z-score
Range
Variance
Standard deviation
20
Groups in a quasi-experiment are nonequivalent due to the lack of ____.
A control group
Random assignment
Counterbalancing
External validity
21
The middle value in a data set when arranged from smallest to largest is the _____.
Median
Mode
Mean
Range
22
Which test is used to compare more than two means?
t-test
ANOVA
correlation
effect size
23
In a multiple-baseline design, each baseline phase…
has the same level.
ends at a different time.
has the same duration.
ends at the same time.
24
In a __ factorial design, each participant experiences 1 level of some IVs & all levels of others.
Within-subjects
Quasi
Between-subjects
Mixed
25
This threat involves the tendency for extreme scores to get closer to the average.
Instrumentation
Regression to the mean
Maturation
Testing
26
How many levels do the independent variables in a 3x2 design have?
All IVs have 2 levels
All IVs have 3 levels
6 levels
1st has 3 levels, 2nd IV has 2 levels
27
Which test is used to compare two means?
ANOVA
correlation
interaction
t-test
28
This threat involves the ways people change naturally over time.
Maturation
Testing
Mortality
History
29
Analyzes based on a study's hypotheses are called _____ analyses.
Descriptive
Planned
Inferential
Exploratory
30
What is missing in a quasi-experimental within-subjects design?
Counterbalancing
Random assignment
Statistical validity
Construct validity
31
How many conditions does a 3x2 factorial design have?
5
6
3
2
32
Which test would be used to compare pretest scores to posttest scores for one group?
paired-samples t-test
between-subjects ANOVA
repeated-measures ANOVA
independent-samples t-test
33
When should you examine simple effects?
When there is a main effect
When there is no interaction
When there is an interaction
When there are no main effects
34
How many factors does a 3x4 design have?
4
3
12
2
35
Which of these is a measure of effect size?
median
Cohen's d
z-score
standard deviation
36
An effect size is the ______ of a statistical relationship.
Central tendency
Range
Strength
Distance
37
The ____ is how quickly a behavior changes.
Trend
Level
Latency
Factor
38
How many independent variables does a 3x3 factorial design have?
3
6
2
9
39
Which is an advantage of single-subject research over group research?
External validity
Detecting weak effects
Flexibility
Examining non-manipulated variables
40
Where would you find limitations in an APA-style paper?
Discussion
Results
Introduction
Method
41
In this design, groupA gets the treatment, and then groupB also gets the treatment later.
Posttest-only nonequivalent groups
Interrupted time-series w/ nonequivalent groups
Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups
Pretest-posttest w/ switching replication
42
Which is NOT a type of multiple-baseline design?
Across behaviors
Across variables
Across settings
Across participants
43
Which name is in correct APA style for the References section?
Baucom, Laura B.
Laura B. Baucom
Baucom, L. B.
L. B. Baucom
44
Single-subject research emphasizes ____ validity.
experimental
internal
social
external
45
Applied behavior analysis is based on the principles of _____.
conditioning
survey research
cognition
quasi-experimentalism
46
An ABA design is a _____ design.
Reversal
Multiple-baseline
Alternating treatments
Factorial
47
What kind of comparisons are used when you have a hypothesis about where the differences will be?
Inductive
Deductive
Post hoc
A priori
48
If the sample size is increased, then…
the relationship strength will increase
the relationship strength will decrease
the p-value will increase
the p-value will decrease
49
A z-score is the difference between one person's score and the ____ of the distribution.
minimum
maximum
median
mean
50
Which of these types of distributions has the highest variability?
Mesokurtic
Leptokurtic
Platykurtic
Symmetrical
51
This threat involves differential loss of participants.
Selection
Regression to the mean
History
Mortality
52
In a reference in an APA style References section, what is in parentheses?
Only publication year
Nothing - parentheses are only in in-text citations.
Publication year and issue number
Only issue number
53
When an IV has an effect at 1 level of the other IV, but a weak/no effect at the other level.
Simple effect
Main effect
Spreading interaction
Cross-over interaction
54
The p-value is compared to the criterion for significance called ____.
H1
alpha
beta
H0
55
In this design, the DV is measured once before and once after treatment for one group.
Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups
One-group pretest-posttest
One-group posttest-only
Interrupted time-series
56
The ____ is whether a behavior is increasing or decreasing.
Factor
Level
Latency
Trend
57
When a distribution is ______, the mean and median are the same.
Symmetrical
Bimodal
Variable
Skewed
58
The steady state strategy is used to determine when to…
start the baseline.
start the factor.
change phases.
change variables.
59
What does the first "A" in a single-subject design mean?
Reversal phase
Baseline phase
Treatment phase
Alternate phase
60
A(n) _____ is the effect of one IV at one level of the other IV.
Main effect
Simple effect
Interaction effect
Cell effect
61
What is missing in a quasi-experimental between-subjects design?
Counterbalancing
Random assignment
Statistical validity
Construct validity
62
In this design, one measurement is taken before and after treatment for two groups.
One-group pretest-posttest design
Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups
Interrupted time-series w/ nonequivalent groups
Posttest-only nonequivalent groups
63
A typical "single-subject" study has _____ participants.
1 participant
50-100 participants
10-30 participants
2-10 participants
64
A histogram visualizes the _____ of a data set.
Means and standard deviations
Distribution
Group differences
Linear relationship
65
A problem with ____ is that it may be unethical to remove an effective treatment.
Reversal designs
Factorial designs
Quasi-experimental designs
Between-subject designs
66
This threat involves changes in measurement during the study.
Instrumentation
Testing
Regression to the mean
Mortality
67
In this design, groupA gets the treatment, and then groupB gets it while it stops for groupA.
Pretest-posttest w/ switching replication
Interrupted time-series w/ nonequivalent groups
Switching replication w/ treatment removal
Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups
68
_____ is the extent to which scores vary around their central tendency.
Variability
Linearity
Mediation
Distribution
69
How many conditions does a 2x2x2 factorial design have?
4
6
8
12
70
In this design, the DV is measured multiple times pre- and post-treatment for one group.
Interrupted time-series
Pretest-posttest w/ switching replication
One-group posttest-only
One-group pretest-posttest
71
What is a factor?
A level
A condition
An independent variable
A dependent variable
72
Every additional analysis conducted…
decreases the probability of a Type II error
decreases the probability of a Type I error
increases the probability of a Type II error
increases the probability of a Type I error
73
Standard deviation squared = ______.
Variance
Interquartile
Z-score
Range
74
A Type I error is a "_____."
false positive
true positive
false negative
true negative
75
In a data file, each row is usually a _______.
group
participant
condition
variable
76
When the lines in a line graph of a factorial design are not parallel, there is _____.
A main effect
No main effect
No interaction effect
An interaction effect
77
What is a "B" phase in a single-subject design?
Reversal phase
Baseline phase
Treatment phase
Alternate phase
78
In null hypothesis testing, we assume…
all hypotheses are correct.
the null hypothesis is true.
the alternative hypothesis is true.
the null hypothesis is false.
79
Which in-text citation is in correct APA-style format?
(Walther and Medel, 2009)
Walther & Medel (2009)
(Walther & Medel 2009)
(Walther & Medel, 2009)
80
A(n) _____ is when the effect of one IV depends on the level of the other IV.
Simple effect
Main effect
Interaction effect
Cell effect
81
In a _____ factorial design, each participant experiences only condition.
Mixed
Quasi
Within-subjects
Between-subjects
82
An outlier with a very high value will result in a ____ distribution.
Symmetrical
Positively skewed
Bimodal
Negatively skewed
83
The histogram of a _____ set would have two peaks.
Bimedian
Multimodal
Bimodal
Unimodal
84
Single-subject research is usually considered _____.
invalid
non-experimental
quasi-experimental
experimental
85
A first-level header in an APA-style paper is…
Centered and not bold
Bold and italicized
Centered and bold
Bold, centered, and italicized
86
In this design, the DV is only measured after the treatment.
Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups
Posttest-only nonequivalent groups
Interrupted time-series w/ nonequivalent groups
Switching replication w/ treatment removal
87
This threat involves changes in the DV due to repeated measurements.
Instrumentation
Testing
Maturation
Regression to the mean
88
Which of these is a measure of central tendency?
Mode
Standard deviation
Range
Cohen's d
89
In this design, multiple measurements before and after treatment are taken for two groups.
Posttest-only nonequivalent groups
Switching replication w/ treatment removal
Interrupted time-series w/ nonequivalent groups
Pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups
90
What is a disadvantage of between-subjects factorial designs?
Carryover effects
No order effects
Need a lot of participants
Need more time per participant
91
Inferential statistics are used to draw conclusions about a _____ from a ______.
sample; population
population; sample
parameter; population
sample; statistic
92
In an ABAB reversal design, which phase represents the "reversal"?
The first A
The second B
The second A
The first B
93
How is an APA-style References section organized?
Alphabetically by article title
Alphabetically by first author's last name
By order cited in the article
By year of publication
94
What kind of design has 2+ independent variables?
Quasi-experimental
Within-subjects
Factorial
Single-subject
95
When one IV has an effect at both levels of the other IV, but the effects are opposite.
Simple effect
Spreading interaction
Cross-over interaction
Main effect
96
In this design, the DV is measured just one time for one group.
Switching replication w/ treatment removal
Interrupted time-series
One-group posttest-only
One-group pretest-posttest
97
"et al." is used when there are _____ authors.
5 or more
3 or more
2 or more
6 or more
98
A(n) _____ is the effect of one IV on the DV, averaging across the levels of the other IV.
Main effect
Cell effect
Simple effect
Interaction effect
99
______ is random variability in a statistic from sample to sample.
Sampling error
Distributional error
Mean error
Statistical error
100
A data point with an extreme score unlike most other data points is called a(n) ______.
skew
outlier
z-score
effect size

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