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Entire Philosophy review Flashcards | StudBud
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Entire Philosophy review
Entire Philosophy review
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Epic review I made for Mr. Sette's class
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
How do science and religion typically differ in their methods?
Science and religion do not differ in their methods
Science and religion do not differ in their methods
Both use the same methods of inquiry
Science relies on experimentation; religion relies on revelation and faith
2
What did Isaac Newton contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
The concept of universal laws and gravity
The idea of the atom
The improvement of the telescope
The discovery of the heliocentric model
3
What is the central idea in Martin Buber’s philosophy of “I-Thou” relationships?
God exists only in nature
God is found in abstract concepts
God is distant and impersonal
God is experienced in authentic, personal encounters between people
4
According to Descartes, what is the starting point for acquiring knowledge?
Emotional tribulation
Faith
Doubt
Sensory perception
5
Who argued that nothing exists; we couldn’t know it, and even if we could know it, we couldn’t communicate it?
Aristotle
Gorgias
Socrates
Plato
6
What is the Theory of Relativity, according to Albert Einstein?
laws of physics are the same for all observers; light’s speed is constant
Time and space are infinite
Gravity only affects celestial bodies
All of the above
7
What does "Dualism" refer to in philosophy?
The belief that knowledge comes from intuition
The idea that everything in the universe is mental
The belief that everything is material and physical
The belief in two distinct substances, such as mind and body
8
What is Sigmund Freud known for founding?
The incestual problem
Quantum Mechanics
Psychoanalysis
Evolutionary Theory
9
What does the concept of 'Atman' represent in Hindu philosophy?
The law of cause and effect
The individual soul, which is one with Brahman
The cycle of rebirth
Moral duties based on one's position in life
10
What does the term "relativism" mean in ethics?
The best action maximizes happiness
What is right or wrong depends on culture or personal beliefs
Ethical truths are universal and objective
Moral decisions should be based on reason alone
11
Who proposed the theory of natural selection and showed that species evolve from common ancestors?
Albert Einstein
Charles Darwin
Kevin Bacon
Sigmund Freud
12
In the Trolley Problem, which moral approach would focus on maximizing happiness for the greatest number?
Stoic
Utilitarian
Deontological
Epicurean
13
Epistemology:
What does the term "epistemology" mean?
Study of ancient cultures
Science of behavior
Science of knowledge
Study of emotions
14
Which philosopher is famous for expanding on utilitarianism and defending individual liberties in his work
On Liberty
?
Jeremy Bentham
Friedrich Nietzsche
John Stuart Mill
Immanuel Kant
15
What is the Socratic Method?
A form of government based on democracy
A method for solving mathematical problems
A technique to memorize philosophical texts
A form of inquiry that uses questions and answers
16
In Daoism, what do 'Yin' and 'Yang' represent?
The five relationships in society
Opposites that are interconnected and balance each other
The endless cycle of rebirth (hence why it is in the form of a circle)
Two separate forces that oppose each other
17
What is the core idea of Confucian philosophy represented by the concept of 'Ren'?
Filial piety
Humaneness, kindness, and compassion
Rituals and proper behavior
Respect for authority
18
What is the significance of Michelangelo in the Renaissance?
his versatility in disciplines including sculpture, architecture, and more.
He discovered the laws of physics
He focused only on philosophical teachings
He was only a painter
19
What is the main focus of ethics, also known as moral philosophy?
The study of art and beauty
The study of physics
The study of right and wrong
The study of history
20
What does Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative suggest?
Treat others only as you would want to be treated
Act in a way that maximizes happiness
Make decisions based on the outcomes of actions
Seek pleasure as the highest good
21
What is "Rationalism" in philosophy?
The idea that all truth is subjective
The belief that reason is the primary source of knowledge
The belief that knowledge comes from sensory experience alone
The belief in the dominance of spiritual beliefs over science
22
What does the concept of Eugenics promote?
The protection of endangered species
Genetic improvement of a population
The study of Earth’s geology
The development of space travel technologies
23
What is "Pragmatism" in philosophy?
A focus on the practical consequences and usefulness of ideas
A focus on intellectual purity
The belief that knowledge is gained solely through reason
The belief in spiritual realities
24
According to Plato, what is the nature of physical forms?
They are random and meaningless
They are identical to perfect forms in the invisible world
They are temporary and have no purpose
They are more important than invisible forms
25
Who is considered the "father of modern observational astronomy"?
Nicolas Copernicus
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
Michelangelo
26
What did John Locke believe about knowledge?
It comes only from reason
It is self-evident
Knowledge is innate
All knowledge comes from experience
27
Which ethical theory emphasizes the greatest good for the greatest number?
Relativism
Deontology
Virtue Ethics
Utilitarianism
28
What does "Dao" (Tao) represent in Daoist philosophy?
The natural way of the universe
The concept of universal truth through knowledge
A set of moral guidelines
The ultimate form of government
29
What does "Ontology" study in metaphysics?
The structure of the mind
The creation of the universe
The existence and relations of different kinds of things
The ethical responsibilities of humans
30
What did Ralph Waldo Emerson emphasize in his philosophy?
The need for strict religious beliefs. Religion guides humanity
The importance of government control
Individualism, self-reliance, and the connection between humans and nature
The importance of following societal norms
31
What does "Medical Ethics" focus on?
The rights of medical professionals
Medical ethics teach us medicine so we can skip out on the medical school
Ethical dilemmas in medical practice, including consent and patient rights
Finding the most efficient medical treatments
32
What does the concept of "Mechanism" believe about living things?
They function independently of natural laws
They are like machines composed of parts without intrinsic relationships
They are designed by a higher power
They are purely spiritual beings
33
What is "Idealism" in metaphysics?
The view that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual in nature
The view that reality is purely practical and useful
The belief that all things exist independently of perception
The belief that everything is made of physical matter
34
What is the definition of genocide?
A philosophy that promotes equality
A medical condition that leads to mass death
destruction of a specific group of people based on ethnicity & religion
A natural disaster that affects a large number of people
35
What was Aristotle's main contribution to Western philosophy?
The creation a comprehensive system about morality, logic, and science
The concept of the "blank slate" mind
The discovery of gravity
The development of the heliocentric model
36
What is "Anatta" in Buddhist philosophy?
The idea that everything is impermanent
The practice of meditation to reach enlightenment
The belief in no permanent self or soul
The belief in a permanent self
37
What does the Anthropic Principle suggest about the universe?
The universe is infinite and unchanging
The universe is chaotic and has no specific purpose
The universe is set up in a way that allows human existence
The universe is created by science alone
38
In Daoism, what does 'Ziran' mean?
Naturalness, living according to one’s true nature
The law of cause and effect
The pursuit of wealth and power
The impermanence of all things
39
Which of the following is a key question in epistemology?
How do we create art?
What is the meaning of life?
What is the meaning of death?
What makes a belief true and justified?
40
Which of the following is the concept of the supreme reality in Hindu philosophy?
Karma
Moksha
Brahman
Atman
41
What was Thomas Kuhn known for in philosophy?
Developing the theory of relativity
Creating the concept of "normal science"
Creating the theory of natural selection
The concept of a "paradigm shift"
42
What was Leonardo da Vinci known for during the Renaissance?
His work in mathematics
His philosophical writings and his various books about the human brain
His discovery of the scientific method
His inventions and curiosity made him the archetype of the Renaissance man
43
What key idea did John Locke contribute to modern political philosophy?
Knowledge comes from experience the government should protect natural right
The universe is governed by fate
People are born evil and must be controlled
Kings have divine power
44
What was the Scopes Trial about?
A trial concerning the ethics of science
A trial about the discovery of the Big Bang theory
A trial about the legality of teaching evolution in schools
A trial to ban teaching religious views in schools
45
Which of the following is NOT one of the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?
Suffering can be avoided by following the Eightfold Path
Suffering exists
Desire causes suffering
Reincarnation is the cause of suffering
46
What is the "Eightfold Path" in Buddhism?
A series of moral codes
A set of dietary restrictions
A sequence of steps leading to enlightenment
A guide for meditation practices only
47
In Confucianism, which of the following represents the ideal moral person?
Li
Xiao
Ren
Junzi
48
What is the Stoic approach to life's challenges?
Practice self-control and resilience
Seek maximum pleasure
Focus on rational logic only
Pursue material wealth
49
What was Socrates' primary contribution to philosophy?
The development of ethics and objective understanding, love, and virtue
The study of the mind
The discovery of scientific laws
The creation of mathematical theories
50
Which philosopher believed that knowledge of the world comes from abstract reasoning, rather than relying on sensory?
John Locke
David Hume
Aristotle
Plato
51
What is Cosmology?
The study of human behavior
The study of ancient texts
The study of the universe and humanity's place in it
The study of Earth’s geology
52
What does "Metaphysics" explore?
The nature of reality and existence
The study of moral philosophy
The connection between science and religion
The nature of mathematical problems
53
Who is known for saying "Knowledge is power"?
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Aristotle
Socrates
Francis Bacon
54
What is the Big Bang Theory?
A theory about the origin of life on Earth
A theory about the creation of the Earth
A theory about the creation of stars
A theory about how the universe began with a single explosion
55
What is the focus of feminist ethics?
Addressing gender inequality and emphasizing care and relationships
None of the above
Focusing on individual rights
Reinterpreting traditional religious texts
56
What does the principle of "Virtue Ethics" focus on?
The duty to follow moral rules
Pleasure as the highest good
Consequences of actions
Being a good person with good traits
57
What did Nicholas Copernicus propose in 1543?
The universe is infinite and static
The Sun is at the center of the universe
The Earth is the center of the universe
The Earth is flat
58
Which of the following is a core idea of Pragmatism?
Knowledge is based on sensory perception alone
Knowledge is absolute and unchanging
The truth of an idea is determined by its practical consequences
Knowledge comes from divine revelation
59
Who developed the theory of idealism, which suggests that matter cannot exist without the mind?
David Hume
John Locke
George Berkeley
Francis Bacon
