Which of the following defines a genome?

complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences

Which of these calculations require you to use the addition rule?

probability of child having sickle cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if hetero

Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16

Each cell has 8 homologous pairs.

Recombination between linked genes comes about for what reason

Crossovers between the genes result in chromosomal exchange

Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because:

Males are hemizygous for the X chromosome

Mendel continued some of his experiments into the F2 or F3 generation to _____.

observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear

How is natural selection related to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations

When homologous chromosomes cross over, what occurs?

Correspondingsegments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged

Woman is found to have 47 chromosomes including 3 X chromosomes.Which of the following describes her expected phenotype?

healthy female of slightly above-average height

In Africa frequency of hetero for sickle cell is high b/c reduces chances for malaria.Such a relationship is related to?

Darwin's explanation of natural selection

PKU recessive disorder which cannot metabolize amino acid phenylalanine not naturally produced.Most efficient treatment

regulate diet affected persons to severely limit uptake of the amino acid

Chromo arranged in 23 pairs. Choose 1 pair, what do the 2 chromosomes of pair have in common

Length, centromere position, staining patt. & traits coded

What does a karyotype do?

Sees the number of chromosomes and their aspect

Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is

haploid, chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Which do all sexual life cycles have?

meiosis, fertilization, & gametes

For the duration of meiosis I, each chromosome

consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere

What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross?

Dihybrid is heterozygous for 2 traits & monohybrid is 1

Which of the following can occur by the process of meiosis but not mitosis?

diploid cells form haploid cells

Hutchinson-Gilford genetic disorder which there is early senility & death.Which represents most likely assumption?

disorder may be due to mutation in a single protein-coding gene

What is a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?

Meiosis II occurs in haploid cell, mitosis in diploid cells

Mitochondrial DNA involved in coding for proteins for protein complexes.Mutations in mitochondrial genes most affect

generation of ATP in muscle cells

Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I?

precise alignment of pairs of homologous chromosomes at the equator

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of:

random lining up of chromosomes during metaphase II

Which of the following statements about independent assortment and segregation is correct?

law of independent assortment describes 2+ genes relative to each other

Explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental offspring than recombinant offspring are produced

two genes are closely linked on the same chromosome

In humans gender differ occurs not as fertilization but after 2nd mth of gestation.What is 1st event of differentiation?

activation of SRY in male embryos and masculinization of the gonads

The human X and Y chromosomes

Include genes that determine an individual's sex.

What is the definition of one map unit?

a 1% frequency of recombination between two genes

Which of the following is a true statement about sexual vs. asexual reproduction?

In sexual, half the nuclear genes transmitted to offspring

What is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?

Sis chromatids separate in mitosis, homologous in meiosis I

A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can conclude that it must _____.

have gametes with 23 chromosomes

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Duplicate of Mendel---Genetics

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Answers

1
Which of the following defines a genome?
complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences
thecomplete set of an organism's polypeptides
thecomplete set of a species' polypeptides
akaryotype
2
Which of these calculations require you to use the addition rule?
probability children w/cystic fibrosis&polydactyly heterozygous both gene
calculate probability black offspring from cross AaBbxAaBb (B symbol black
probability of child having sickle cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if hetero
calculate probability of 4 children having cystic fibrosis of heterozygous
3
Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16
The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell
Each cell has 8 homologous pairs.
A gamete from this species has 4 chromosomes
The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell
4
Recombination between linked genes comes about for what reason
Mutation on one homolog is different from the other homolog
Nonrecombinant chromosomes break & re-join with one another
Crossovers between the genes result in chromosomal exchange
Linked genes always "travel" together at anaphase
5
Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because:
X in males generally have more mutations than X in females
Mutations on the Y worsen the effects of X-linked mutations
Males are hemizygous for the X chromosome
Male hormones often alter the effects of mutations on the X
6
Correns found variegated color on leaves of plants was determined by maternal parent.What phenomenon explains?
ribosome structure
genomic imprinting
chloroplast inheritance
sex-linkage
7
Mendel continued some of his experiments into the F2 or F3 generation to _____.
observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear
obtain a larger number of offspring to base statistics
observe whether or not the dominant trait would reappear
distinguish which alleles were segregating
8
When are homologous chromosomes separated during meiosis?
Prophase I
Anaphase I
Anaphase II
Interphase
9
How is natural selection related to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy
Sexual reproduction results in greatest # of mutations
Sexual reproduction allows greatest # of offspring
Sexual reproduction results in many new gene combinations
10
When homologous chromosomes cross over, what occurs?
Twochromatids get tangled, with one re-sequencing its DNA
Correspondingsegments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged
Maternalalleles are "corrected" to be like paternal alleles
Twosister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA.
11
Woman is found to have 47 chromosomes including 3 X chromosomes.Which of the following describes her expected phenotype?
a sterile female
apparent male who is sterile
female with masculine characterisitcs such as facial hair
healthy female of slightly above-average height
12
In Africa frequency of hetero for sickle cell is high b/c reduces chances for malaria.Such a relationship is related to?
the malarial parasite changing the allel
Darwin's explanation of natural selection
Mendel's law of segregation
Mendel's law of independent assortment
13
Which diagram represents anaphase II of meiosis?
V
I
III
IV
14
In certain plants the tall trait is dominant to short. if a hetero plant crossed with homo tall prob of short offspring
1/4
1/6
0
1/2
15
PKU recessive disorder which cannot metabolize amino acid phenylalanine not naturally produced.Most efficient treatment
feed patients the missing enzymes in a regular cycle such as twice per week
feed patients an excess of the missing product
regulate diet affected persons to severely limit uptake of the amino acid
feed them the substrate that can be metabolized into this amino acid
16
Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the parents?
Each allele affected phenotypic expression.
No genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype.
One allele was dominant.
The traits blended together during fertilization.
17
Chromo arranged in 23 pairs. Choose 1 pair, what do the 2 chromosomes of pair have in common
Length, centromere position, staining patt. & traits coded
Length & position of centromere only
Length, centerpiece position, & staining pattern only
They have nothing in common except they are X shaped
18
What does a karyotype do?
Sees where they are located
Compares homologous chromosomes & organized base on size
Sees the number of chromosomes only
Sees the number of chromosomes and their aspect
19
Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?
Four daughter cells are formed
Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated
The chromosome number per cell remains the same
Sister chromatids are seperated
20
After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is
haploid, chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids
diploid, chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid
haploid, chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid
diploid, chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids
21
Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Which do all sexual life cycles have?
alternation of generations, meiosis & gametes
meiosis, fertilization, & gametes
alternation of generations, gametes & spores
meiosis, gamates & spores
22
Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during
meiosis I only
mitosis and meiosis I
meiosis II only
mitosis and meiosis II
23
For the duration of meiosis I, each chromosome
is composed of a single chromatid
consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere
Carries information from the same traits
combines together
24
What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross?
A monohybrid cross is for 1 gen, a dihybrid cross is for 2
A monohybrid results in 9:3:3:1 & dihybrid gives 3:1 ratio
Dihybrid is heterozygous for 2 traits & monohybrid is 1
A monohybrid cross is asexual and dihybrid cross is disexual
25
One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this?
Inversion
Translocation
Duplication
Deletion
26
Which of the following can occur by the process of meiosis but not mitosis?
haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells
a diploid cell combines with a haploid cell
haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells
diploid cells form haploid cells
27
Hutchinson-Gilford genetic disorder which there is early senility & death.Which represents most likely assumption?
disorder will increase in frequency in successive generations within family
disease is autosomal dominant
disorder may be due to mutation in a single protein-coding gene
each patient will have had at least one affected grandparent or parent
28
What is a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?
Crossover takes place in meiosis II
Meiosis II occurs in haploid cell, mitosis in diploid cells
Homologues align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II
Sis chromatids separate in mitosis, homologues in meiosis II
29
Which of the following describes the ability of a single allele to have multiple phenotypic effects?
incomplete dominance
pleiotropy
epistasis
multiple alleles
30
Mitochondrial DNA involved in coding for proteins for protein complexes.Mutations in mitochondrial genes most affect
movement of oxygen into erthryocytes
generation of ATP in muscle cells
DNA synthesis in cells of the immune system
storage of urine in urinary bladder
31
Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I?
crossing over
synapsis of homologous chromosomes
precise alignment of pairs of homologous chromosomes at the equator
separation of homologs at anaphase
32
If meiosis produces haploid cells, how is the diploid number restored for those organisms that are mostly diploid
fertilization
synapsis
reverse transcription
DNA replication
33
Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate.
Telophase II
Telophase I
Anaphase I
Anaphase II
34
Sister chromatids separate from each other during _____.
mitosis and meiosis I
meiosis II only
meiosis I only
mitosis and meiosis II
35
At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in preparation of a karyotype?
metaphase
prophase
interphase
anaphase
36
Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of:
random combination of egg and sperm cells in fertilization
random lining up of chromosomes during metaphase II
diverse combination of alleles in any chromosome
random distribution of chromosomes during anaphase II
37
Which of the following statements about independent assortment and segregation is correct?
law of segregation describes 2+ genes relative to one another
law of segregation requires having two or more generations to describe.
law of independent assortment is accounted for by processes in prophase I
law of independent assortment describes 2+ genes relative to each other
38
Occurs during asexual reproduction
mitosis
meiosis
39
Which Diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis
III
I
V
II
40
Explain a testcross involving F1 dihybrid flies in which more parental offspring than recombinant offspring are produced
recombination did not occur in the cell during meiosis
two genes are linked but on different chromosomes
both of the characters are controlled by more than one gene
two genes are closely linked on the same chromosome
41
A nonreciprocal crossover causes which of the following products?
nondisjunction
duplication only
deletion only
deletion and duplication
42
In humans gender differ occurs not as fertilization but after 2nd mth of gestation.What is 1st event of differentiation?
activation of SRY in females and feminization of the gonads
activation of SRY in male embryos and masculinization of the gonads
formation of testosterone in male embryos
formation of estrogens in female embryos
43
The human X and Y chromosomes
Include genes that determine an individual's sex.
Are of approximately equal size and number of genes
Are both present in every somatic cell of males and females
Include only genes that govern sex determination
44
What is the definition of one map unit?
the physical distance between two linked genes
1 nanometer of distance between two genes
a 1% frequency of recombination between two genes
recombination freq between two genes assorting independently
45
The fastest way for organisms to adapt to a changing environment involves
sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
mutations
46
Which of the following is a true statement about sexual vs. asexual reproduction?
In asexual, offspring produced by fertilization w/o meiosis
In sexual, half the nuclear genes transmitted to offspring
Asexual, but not sexual, is characteristic of plants & fungi
Sexual reproduction requires that parents be diploid
47
Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in?
Anaphase I of meiosis
Anaphase II of meiosis
Anaphase 1 of mitosis
48
What is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?
DNA replication is prior to mitosis but not before meiosis I
Sis chromatids separate in mitosis, homologous in meiosis I
Only meiosis I have cells that have identical genetic info
Sis chromatids separate in mitosis, homologous in meiosis II
49
A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can conclude that it must _____.
be human
be an animal
have gametes with 23 chromosomes
reproduce sexually
50
Centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles in meiosis _____.
telophase II
telophase I
anaphase II
anaphase I
51
Which of the following is an example of monosomy?
Down syndrome
Klinefelter's syndrome
Turner's syndrome
trisomy X
52
Mendel accounted for the observation that traits which had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 gen by
F1 generation had 1 allele for each character, but F2 gen had 2 alleles
traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits are “hidden”
mechanism controlling the appearance of traits was different between them
new mutations were frequently generated in the F2 offspring, “reinventing”
53
In a plant's sexual life cycle _____.
gametophytesproduce gametes by meiosis
gametophytesproduce gametes by mitosis
sporophytesproduce gametes by meiosis
sporophytesproduce gametes by mitosis
54
What is an adaptive advantage of recombination between linked genes?
Recomb. must occur or genes will not assort independently
recombination required for independent assortment
forces on cell during Meiosis II results in recombination
new allele combos are acted upon by natural selection
55
Homologous chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle
Telophase II
Telophase I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
56
Map units on a linkage map cannot be relied upon to calculate physical distances on a chromosome for which reasons?
gene color on chromosomes is slightly different in every individual
frequency of crossing over varies along length of chromosome
relationship b/t recombination freq & map units is different in individual
physical distances b/t genes change during course of cell cycle
57
Severity of Pseudohypertrophic MD boys die young.Is this dominant/recessive allele?inheritance sexlinked/autosomal
recessive,sex-linked
incomplete dominant,sex-linked
dominant,sex-linked
recessive,autosomal
58
A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can conclude that it must _____.
be an animal
reproduce sexually
have gametes with 23 chromosomes
be human
59
Which of the following is known as a Philadelphia chromosome?
a chromosome found not in the nucleus but in mitochondria
human chromosome 9 that is found only in one type of cancer
an imprinted chromosome that always comes from the mother
a human chromosome 22 that has had a specific translocation
60
Which of the following is an example of alternation of generations?
Diiploid cell divide mitosis 2 2n daughter cells, which fuse
Sporophyte produces, a spore gives rise to gametophyte
Haploids produce gametes mitosis then fertilization &meiosis
Diploid animal produces gametes which undergo fertilization
61
Abnormal chromosomes are frequently found in malignant tumors. Which might occur to make the cancer worse?
expression of inappropriate gene products
failure of cancer cells to multiply
decrease in mitotic frequency
an increase in nondisjunction
62
SRY is best described as
autosomal gene required for expression of genes on the X
a gene present on the X that triggers female development
gene region on the Y that triggers male development
autosomal gene required for the expression of genes on the Y
63
What is a syndrome?
traits found in conjunction w/ a chromosomal aberration or gene mutation
trait that leads to cancer at some stage in life
specific characteristic appears in conjunction with one specific aneuploidy
characteristic facial appearance
64
Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?
Chromosome replication
alignment for tetrads at metaphase plate
production of daughter cells
synapsis
65
The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment means
the diploid number of chromosomes in the pea plants was 7
all the genes controlling the traits were located on the same chrom
none of the traits obeyed the law of segregation
all the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on dif chromos
66
Which of the following is the best statement of the use of the addition rule of probability?
probability that either 1 of 2 independent events will occur
probability of producing two or more heterozygous offspring
likelihood that a trait is due to two or more meiotic events
chance that 2 or more independent events will both occur
67
What is the reason that closely linked genes are typically inherited together?
Number of genes in cell is > the number of chromosomes
They are located close together on the same chromosome
Alleles are paired together during meiosis
Genes align that way during metaphase I of meiosis
68
Normally, only female cats have the tortoiseshell phenotype because
multiplecrossovers on Y chromosome prevent orange pigment
theY chromosome has a gene blocking orange coloration
onlymales can have Barr bodies
amale inherits only one allele of the X-linked gene for hair
69
What can you conclude about Marfan syndrome?
it is epistatic
it is dominant
it is recessive
it is pleiotropic
70
How do the cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis 1? They have
half the number of chromosomes and 1/4 the amount of DNA
the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA
half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA
half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA
71
Homologous pairs of chromosomes align opposite each other at the equator of a cell during
meiosis telophase II
mitosis metaphase
meiosis metaphase I
meiosis metaphase II
72
Couple has child with Down syndrome. Mother is 39 years old at time of delivery. What is cause?
The mother had a chromosomal duplication
The woman inherited this tendency from her parents
One person had nondisjunction in somatic cell production
One person had nondisjuncion in gamete production
73
Define Homologous Chromosomes
the situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are complete
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
74
Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of:
random lining up of chromosomes at metaphase plate during meiosis I
random combination of egg and sperm cells in fertilization
random distribution of chromosomes during anaphase II
diverse combination of alleles in any chromosome
75
What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his research?
There's considerable genetic variation in garden peas
Genes are composed of DNA
Organisms that have recessive traits is disadvantaged
Traits are inherited in discrete units, one from each parent
76
A man who carries an allele of an X-linked gene will pass it on to
all of his children
all of his daughters
all of his sons
half of his daughters
77
Which of the following is the meaning of the chromosome theory of inheritance?
homologs gives rise to some genes and crossover
mendelian genes are @ certain loci that segregate in meiosis
individuals inherit particular chromosomes attached to genes
natural selection acts on certain chromosome arrays
78
If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description
It has 1/4 the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the originating cell
It is identical in content to another cell formed from the same meiosis I
t has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the originating cell.
It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
79
All female mammals have one active X chromosome per cell instead of two. What causes this?
Empty choice
Empty choice
Empty choice
Empty choice
80
Crossing over normally takes place during which of the following processes?
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Mitosis and Meiosis II
Mitosis
81
Which of the following statements is true of linkage?
closer 2 genes on a chromosome, lower probability that crossover will occur
linked genes are found on different chromosomes
freq of recombination of 2 genes apart from each other has a max of 100%
all traits Mendel studied-seed color,pod shaped,flower color due to genes

Duplicate of Mendel---Genetics Flashcards | StudBud