Biology Ch 2.3 Carbon & Molecular Diversity of Life

The number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell of an atom is generally equal to its what?

What is the key to an atom's characteristics?

What functional group is this?

Are enantiomers important in the pharmaceutical industry?

Historically, compounds containing carbon are said to be what?

Which isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in their spatial arrangements?

Two enantiomers of a drug don't have different effects.

What functional group is this?

Because CO2 is a simple molecule and lacks hydrogen, it is often considered inorganic, even though it contains carbon.

Living organisms consist mostly of what?

What element accounts for the enormous variety of biological molecules?

When two carbon atms are joined by a double bond, this makes the molecule _____.

Which isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms?

What is a compound that only contains one carbon, but forms two double bonds?

What are organic molecules consisting of ONLY carbon and hydrogen?

ATP consists of an organic molecule called _______ attached to a string of three ______ _____.

Which one contains carboxyl groups?

What functional group is this?

What are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions?

Did Fredrich Wohler, a German chemist, synthesize urea, which is an organic compound in the urine of animals?

Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components.

Usually, only one isomer is biologically active.

Atoms of hydrogen are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding.

A counterclockwise direction of an enantiomer is represented by a ___ configuration. (sinister, Latin for left)

Because of carbon's ability to form _____ ______, these building blocks can make a variety of organic molecules.

Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones.

Kids born with deformities because of the drug. It affects with ______ ______ that shut off gene for limb development.

What kind of bond(s) would be present in a completely flat section of a biological molecule?

What is the study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of origin?

Functional groups often behave as a unit and give organic molecules what three things in an aqueous solution?

What are the seven functional groups that are most important in chemistry? (pick 2)

What are isomers that are mirror images of each other?

Many organic molecules in biology contain chains of carbon atoms, w/ certain hydrogen atoms replaced by what?

Although hydrocarbons are not prevalent in most living organisms, many of a cell's organic molecules contain only what?

What is this?

What functional group is this?

In 1957, a pharmaceutical company in West Germany introduced a drug called thalidomide. What is its molecular formula?

The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties.

Of these 6, all but ______ _____ are hydrophilic, meaning they increase solubility of organic compounds in water.

Which one has phosphate groups?

What is the number of covalent bonds an atom can form? (outermost shell of electrons)

The _____ of carbon and its most frequent partners (H, O, and N) are the building blocks of molecules.

What type of isomer is propanal to acetone?

ATP _____ the potential to react with water. This reaction _____ energy that can used by the cell.

Estradiol and testosterone are both _____ with a common carbon skeleton, in the form of four fused rings.

Awesome job! What is Emily's favorite song from Frozen?

What functional group is this?

These sex hormones (estradiol & testosterone) differ in the chemical groups attached to the rings of carbon skeleton.

The great diversity of organisms on the planet is due to what?

Experiments support the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, near volcanoes, could've been a stage of life.

In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a ______ shape.

What did Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrate?

Which one can have methyl groups added to alter expression levels?

What is this called?

For example the molecules known as fats contain long ________ tails attached to a nonhydrocarbon component.

The drug was made and marketed as a ____ ______ (50/50 mixture) of the +R and -S thalidomide.

Are these examples of how carbon chains can vary?

Which one has an amino and carboxyl group?

Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on what two things?

This drug was sold in 46 countries under 37 brand names. Doctors prescribed it to pregnant women as what?

________ effects of enantiomers demonstrate that organisms are sensitive to even subtle varations in molecules.

What functional group is this?

What forms the skeleton of most organic molecules?

An important organic phosphate is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a ________ amount of energy.

Electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other bonds.

What are the major elements of life?

____ treats Parkinson's disease while ______ has no effect on the disease.

What functional group is this?

All of these functional groups are chemically reactive except one. Which one is not?

What are compounds with the same molecular formular but different structures and properties?

Carbon chains can vary in which categories?

A clockwise direction of an enantiomer is represented by a ___ configuration. (rectus, Latin for right)

What gives carbon its covalent compatibility with many different elements?