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AP Psychology Exam Review part 1
AP Psychology Exam Review part 1
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1
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
correlation study
naturalistic observation
case study
experiment
2
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
pons
cerebellum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
3
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
presence of an authority figure
placebo effect
size of the group
wearing guard uniforms
4
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
medulla
sensory cortex
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
5
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
6
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
latency period
oral stage
phallic stage
anal stage
7
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
standard deviation
range
median
mean
8
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
assignment to conditions
random assignment
random sampling
representative assignment
9
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the rate at which people forget information
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the reconstructive nature of memory
the serial position effect
10
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
cognitive
humanistic
trait
psychoanalytic
11
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
12
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
reaction formation
displacement
sublimation
projection
13
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
trait theory
psychodynamic theory
biological theory
social cognitive theroy
14
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
family
temperament
culture
environment
15
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
instrumental learning
16
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
hypothalamus
cerebellum
amygdala
medulla
17
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
parenting style
hormones released in the womb
18
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
diffusion of responsibility
superordinate goals
group polarization
deindividuation
19
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
add : decrease
remove : increase
remove : punish
remove : decrease
20
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
hippocampus
Gage's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
21
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
cognitive psychotherapist
psychoanalyst
clinical psychologist
psychiatrist
22
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
rational emotive behavior therapy
systematic desensitization
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
23
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
achieving physiological homeostasis
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
24
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
touch
smell
sight
hearing
25
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
inappropriate or flat affect
disconnection from reality and delusions
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
substance abuse and dependence
26
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
27
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
projective
achievement
triarchic
standardized
28
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
long-term potentiation
state-dependent memory
proactive interference
29
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus generalization
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
30
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
movement and electrical shocks
performing a task and receiving food
nausea and food or drink
punishment and aversion
31
light enters the eye through an opening in the
iris
fovea
retina
blind spot
32
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
Moro
rooting
stepping
Babinski
33
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
well below the average of 200
slightly above average
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
34
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
opponent process theory
social facilitation theory
Schachter two-factor theory
James-Lange theory
35
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
superordinate goals
stereotyping
scapegoating
out-group homogeneity
36
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
predictive validity
test-retest reliability
content validity
split-half reliability
37
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
modeling
38
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
mid 30s
early 20s
late 40s
puberty
39
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
unconditional positive regard
secondary central dispositions
defense mechanisms
factor analysis
40
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
trait
social-cognitive
humanist
psychoanalytic
41
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
psychoanalytic
trait
humanistic
42
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
law of effect
token economy
behavior shaping
higher-order conditioning
43
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social facilitation
disinhibition
social roles
conformity
44
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
situational
fundamental
external
internal
45
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
latent learning
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
the law of effect
46
the limbic system plays an important role in
planning for the future
regulating emotion
processing sensory information
maintaining balance
47
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
counterbalancing
double blind study
48
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Yerkes-Dodson law
James-Lange theory of emotion
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
49
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
social
behavioral
situational
dispositional
50
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
parenting styles
unconscious conflicts
secondary drives and needs
genetics and nutrition
51
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
self-serving bias
hindsight bias
a theory
overconfidence
52
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
avoidance-avoidance
53
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
proximity and similarity
top-down and bottom-up processing
binocular and monocular cues
54
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
effective psychological environment
neuroplasticity
hemispheric lateralization
55
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
the Oedipus complex
the self-serving bias
56
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
secure attachment with parents
myelination of brain neurons
concrete operational exercises
early gross motor practice
57
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
58
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
autism
Alzheimer's disease
major depressive disorder
59
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
social psychology
psychometrics
health psychology
positive psychology
60
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
self-serving bias
Barnum effect
false consensus effect
just world bias
61
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
hippocampus
medulla oblongata
62
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
self-serving bias
self-fulfilling prophecy
63
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
64
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
learned associations
neurochemical imbalances
unhealthy attributional styles
unfulfilled needs
65
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
PET
rTMS
EEG
MRI
66
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
short-term memory
procedural memory
long-term memory
sensory memory
67
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
environmental factors that influence intelligence
nonessential subjects like art and music
68
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
traits, the environment, and behavior
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
id, ego, and superego
69
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
Down syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
mental retardation
fetal alcohol syndrome
70
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
sleep spindles
delta waves
beta waves
71
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sound localization
sensory adaptation
hearing high frequencies
detecting absolute threshold
72
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
group polarization
social facilitation
groupthink
deindividuation
73
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can determine causal relationships between variables
74
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
daily activities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
personalities
75
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
representativeness heuristic
framing effects
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
76
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the self-serving bias
77
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that language is a uniquely human skill
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
the importance of physical contact to development
78
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
psychodynamic
humanistic
cognitive
evolutionary
79
the somatic nervous system is part of the
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
80
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
activation-synthesis
dissociation
tolerance
antagonists
81
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
conscientiousness
openness
neuroticism
extraversion
82
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
83
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate lacks object permanence
84
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
difference threshold
signal detection theory
bottom up processing
absolute threshold
85
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
fixed intervals; variable ratios
86
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
87
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
dissociative identity disorder
88
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
terminal button
synaptic cleft
myelin
neurotransmiters
89
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
cognitive-behavioral interventions
biomedical interventions
talking to a patient
secondary preventions
90
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
systematic desensitization
client-centered therapy
REBT
token economies
91
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
primary drives
extrinsic motivation
need for achievement
intrinsic motivation
92
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
primary
partial
continuous
secondary
93
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
electro-convulsive shock therapy
gestalt therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
free association
94
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
95
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
recall
retroactive memory
episodic memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
96
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
97
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed ratio
continuous
variable interval
fixed variable
98
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
touch
balance
hearing
sight
99
What is the purpose of the DSM
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
100
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
his research wasn't representative of the population
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
101
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
102
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
James-Lange
postconventional
theory Y
approach-avoidance
103
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
mean
range
median
standard deviation
104
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
105
people who watch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
latent learning
observational learning
insight learning
counterconditioning
106
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
lack of debriefing
violation of confidentiality
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
107
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
108
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
heightened manifest dream content
109
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cones
optic nerve
rods
cornea
110
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
antisocial personality disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
schizophrenia
dissociative identity disorder
111
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
believe in God
be able to take another person's perspective
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
have been exposed to good, moral role models
112
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
behavioral
psychoanalytic
evolutionary
cognitive
113
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
50
68
95
84
114
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
make new friends
eat a meal
pursue a romantic interest
go for a run
115
which structure is part of the inner ear
malleus (hammer)
auditory canal
tympanic membrane
basilar membrane
116
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
phonemes and morphemes
linguistic relativity hypothesis
serial position effect
language acquisition device
117
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
118
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
mere-exposure effect
central route persuasion
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
deindividuation
119
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
functional fixedness
archetypes
inferiority complexes
repressed memories
120
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
dopamine
serotonin
adrenaline
acetylcholine
121
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
structuralist
pharmacological
cognitive
behavioral
122
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
a mental set
divergent thinking
low experiential intelligence
belief perseverance
123
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
motor development
parenting style
assimilation
attachment
124
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
say a sentence
clap their hands
cut with a knife
write with a pencil
125
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
functional fixedness
hypothesis testing
divergent thinking
126
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reduce : stereotypes
reward : punishment
ignore : adaptation
assimilate : accomodate
127
In people, rods, unlike cones,
have a lower absolute threshold for light
respond more quickly to colors
are located in the center of the retina
are unable to detect motion
128
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
responding to deindividuation among group members
increasing group polarization within different groups
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
129
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
physical contact between dendrites
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
hormones jump from one axon to the next
130
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
B.F. Skinner
William James
Carl Rogers
Albert Bandura
131
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
variances
normally distributed
modes
outliers
132
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
sensory adaptation
absolute threshold
difference threshold
frequency theory
133
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
self-serving bias
individualism
compliance strategies
in-group bias
134
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
aptitude test
IQ test
EQ test
achievement test
135
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
fundamental attribution error
reciprocity norm
self-fulfilling prophecy
out-group homogeneity
136
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
understanding what was said to her
moving her left hand
speaking aloud
solving a logic problem
137
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
standardization
test-retest reliability
aptitude measures
construct validity
138
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
standard deviation
counterbalancing
139
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
feature detectors
optic nerve
optic chiasm
fovea
140
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
at what age can children reason abstractly
141
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
attachment
universal ethical principles
object permanence
conservation
142
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
principle of continuity
gender schema theory
the social role hypothesis
linguistic relativity hypothesis
143
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
personality psychologist
cognitive psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
clinical psychologist
144
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
frequency theory
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
145
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
assimilation
discrimination
accommodation
habituation
146
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a mean that is the same as the median
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a probability of chance less than 5%
147
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
specific changes in the brain
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
148
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
benzodiazepines
SSRIs
L-Dopa
lithium
149
which is an example of an implicit memory
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
recognizing a celebrity
describing the taste of a birthday cake
150
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
a desk and/or table
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
pens, pencils, and a computer
four legs and a seat
151
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
dissociative
schizophrenic
anixety
personality
152
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
linear perspective
retinal disparity
convergence
closure
153
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
latent learning
sublimation
modeling
mirror neurons
154
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
155
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
holobase
phoneme
grapheme
morpheme
156
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
an extraverted personality
low self-esteem
a strong superego
157
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
psychodynamic
evolutionary
biological
humanistic