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Safety (2)
Safety (2)
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1
If an exposure dose of 1.5 mGy/h is delivered from a distance of 3ft, what would the dose be at 5ft and 20 min
0.18 mGy
13.5 mGy
0.54 mGy
25 mGy
2
Which of the following radiation situations is potentially the most harmful
A small dose to a specific area over a period of time
A large dose to a specific area all at once
A small dose to the whole body over a period of time
A large dose to the whole body all at one time
3
Which is considered especially radiosensitive tissues
Intestinal crypt cells
Bone marrow
Erythroblasts
4
Which features of fluoroscopic equipment designed to eliminate radiation to patient and or personnel
Protective curtain
Filtration
Collimation
5
Which of the dose-response curve shown is representative of radiation-induced skin erythema
Dose-response C
Dose-response curve B
Dose-response curve A
6
Which of the following contributes most to the patient dose
Thompson scatter
The photoelectric effect
Compton scatter
Classic scatter
7
Exposure rate 4.0m from source of radiation 0.7 mGy/h what will be the dose after 20 min at 6 m
0.46 mGy/h
0.103 mGy/h
11.2 mGy/h
0.311 mGy/h
8
The person responsible for all rad guidelines are followed and personnel understand and use rad safety measures
Radiology department manager
Chief technologist
Radiation safety officer
Chief radiologist
9
Effects of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) irradiation include
Mitotic delay
Chromosome breakage
Reproductive death
10
If the image intensifier is moved farther from the patient
Image quality improved
Patient dose decreases
SID increases
11
In the nomogram, what is the approx. Pt ESE from a projection made at 105 cm using 110 kVp, 300 mA, 5 ms, and 2.5mm Al
18 mGy
420 mGy
180 mGy
42 mGy
12
If the exposure rate at 91 cm from fluoro table is 1.5 mGy/h, what will be the exposure rate for 30min at 152 cm
0.54 mGy
20.9 mGy
0.27 mGy
13.5 mGy
13
Which of the following ionizing radiations is described as having a RBE of 1.0
Fast neutrons
Diagnostic xrays
5 MeV alpha particles
10 MeV protons
14
Which of the following personnel monitoring devices used in DR is considered to be the most sensitive and accurate
Pocket dosimeter
TLD
OSL dosimeter
Film badge
15
In which type of monitoring device do photons release electrons by their interaction with air
Film badge
OSL dosimeter
TLD
Pocket dosimeter
16
Which of the following is/are possible long-term somatic effects of radiation exposure
Cataractogenesis
Blood changes
Embryologic effects
17
The single most important scattering object in both radiography and fluoroscopy is the
X-ray tube
Xray table
IR
Patient
18
The advantages of beam restriction include which
Less scattered radiation is produced
Less total filtration will be necessary
Less bioloic material is irradiated
19
A controlled area is defined as one
That it is occupied by people who wear radiation monitors
That is occupied by people trained jn radiation safety
Whose occupancy factor is 1
20
If mechanical restraining devices cannot be used, who of the following should be the first choice to help immobilize pt
Pts father
Student radiographer
Transorter
Pts mother
21
Somatic effects resulting for radiation exposure can
Cause temporary infertility
Have possiblr consequences on future generations
Have possible consequences on the exposed individual
22
How much protection is provided from a 100 kVp x-ray beam when using a 0.50 mm lead equivalent apron
75%
88%
99%
40%
23
If a large quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a short period of time the effect
Will be less than if it were delivered in increments
Solely depends on the radiation quality
Has no relation to how it is delivered in time
Will be greater than if it were delivered in increments
24
The pregnant radiographer gestational dose-equivalent limit for a 1-month period is
1 mSv
0.1 mSv
0.5 mSv
5 mSv
25
All radiation-exposure responses exhibit a nonlinear threshold dose-response relationship except
Radiation lethality
Skin erythema
Leukemia
Hematologic depression
26
Which of the following statements is/are true with respect to the dose-response curve shown
No threshold is required for effects to occur
A minimum amount of radiation is required for manifestation of effects
The quantity of radiation is directly related to the dose received
27
If a pt received a 0.014 Gy during a 7min fluoroscopic exam. What was the dose rate
0.002 mGy/min
0.14 mGy/min
0.02 mGy/min
1.4 mGy/min
28
In production of characteristic radiation at the tungsten target, the incident electron
Is deflected, eith resulting energy gain
Is deflected, with resulting energy loss
Ejects an outer-shell tungsten electron
Ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron
29
Examples of late effects of ionizing radiation on humans include
Leukemia
Malignant disease
Local tissue damage
30
Possible responses to irradiation in utero include
Childhood malignancies
Spontaneous abortion
Congenital anomalies
31
Filters used in radiographic x-ray tubes generally are composed of
Aluminum
Copper
Lead
Tin
32
Which interaction between ionizing radiation and the target molecule involves formation of a free radical
Random effect
Direct effects
Indirect effect
Target effect
33
What percentage of the SID must the collimator light and actual irradiated area be accurate
5%
15%
2%
10%
34
How many HVLs are required to reduce intensity of a beam of monoenergetic photons to less than 15% of it's original
3
4
5
2
35
Which of the following radiation protection concepts/measures apply to mobile radiography
At least one lead apron should be assigned to each mobile unit
The tech shpuld be at least 6 ft from the pt and xray tube during exposure
The least amount of scattered radiation ks perp to the scattering object
36
The term effective dose refers to
Somatic and genetic effects
Localized organ dose
Genetic effects
Whole-body dose
37
Which factors can affect the amount or the nature of radiation damage to biologic tissue
Size of irradiated area
Radiation quality
Absorbed dose
38
Which of the following cell types has the greatest radiosensitivity in the adult human
Lymphocytes
Muscle cells
Spermatids
Nerve cells
39
The least radiosensitive stage of human cell mitosis is
S
Empty choice
M
Empty choice
40
How do fractionation and protraction affect radiation dose effects
The allow tissue recovery
They permit cellular
The reduce the effect of radiation exposure
41
Protective devices such as a lead aprons function to protect the user from
Remnant radiation
Scattered radiation
The primary beam
42
Lead aprons are worn during fluoroscopy to protect the radiographer from exposure to radiation from
The photoelectric effect
Classic scatter
Pair production
Compton scatter
43
Radiation output from a diagnostic x-ray tube is measured in which of the following units of measurement
Air kerma
Gray
Becquerel
Sievert
44
The classifications of acute radiation syndrome include all the following except
Central nervous system
Neonatal
Gastrointestinal
Hematologic
45
The presence of ionizing radiation may be detected in which of the following ways
Photographic effect on film emulsion
Fluorescent effect on certain crystals
Ionizing effect on air
46
Which projections is most likely to deliver the largest dose to the ovaries
AP abd, 70 kVp
AP L spine, 14 x 17 in IR, 80 kVp
AP abd, 80kVp
AP L spinr, 7 x 17 in IR, 80 kVp
47
What should be the radiographer's main objective regarding personal radiation safety
Not to exceed his ir her dose limit
To avoid whole body exposure
To wear protective apparel when holding patients for exposures
To keep personal exposure as far below the dose limit as possible
48
Which of the following can be effective means of reducing radiation exposure
Time
Barriers
Distance
49
Sources of medical radiation exposure include
Computer tomography
Sonography
Magnetic resonance imaging
50
The correct ways to check for cracks in lead aprons are
To radiograph them at low kilovoltage twice a year
To fluoroscope them once a year
By visual inspection
51
An optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter contains which of the following
Aluminum oxide
Lithium fluoride
Gadolinium
Photograhic film
52
The biological effect on an individual depends on which
Type of tissue interactions
Amount of interactions
Biologic differences
53
Biologic material irradiated under hypoxic conditions is
Less sensitive that when irradiated under anoxic conditions
Less sensitive than when irradiated under oxygenated conditions
More sensitive than when irradiated under oxygenated conditions
Unaffected by the presence or absence of oxygen
54
What is the intensity of scattered rad perp to and 1 m from a pt compared with the useful beam at the pts surface
0.1%
0.01%
1.0%
10.0%
55
Irradiation of macromolecules in vitro can result in
Cleaved chromosomes
Cross-linking
Mutation
56
Which of the following personal rad monitoring is based on stimulated luminescence
OSL dosimeter
Pocket dosimeter
TLD
57
Which is true regarding the human gonadal cells is/are true
The male spermatogonia reproduce continuously
The femailr oogonia reproduce only during fetal life
Both male and female stem cells reproduce only during fetal life
58
Which have been identified as sources of radon exposure
Radiology departments
Indoor, in houses
Smoking cigarettes
59
Occupational radiation monitoring is required when it is likely that an individual will receive more than what fraction
1/2
1/40
1/4
1/10
60
.
Standing 8 feet from the source for 2 min
Standing 3 feet from the source for 2 min
Standing 6 feet from the source for 2 min
Standing 5 feet from the source for 1 min
61
The genetic dose of radiation borne by each member of the reproductive population is called the
Genetically significant dose
Genetically related dose
Somatic related dose
Somatic significant dose
62
What min. Total amount of filtration (inherent plus added) is required in x-ray equipment operated above 70 kVp
3.5 mm Cu equivalent
2.5 mm Al equivalent
2.5 mm Cu equivalent
3.5 mm Al equivalent
63
Which of the following body parts is/are included in whole-body dose
Gonads
Extremities
Blood-forming organs
64
Which safeguards is taken to prevent inadvertent irradiation in early pregnancy
Elective booking
Pateint questionare
Patient positioning
65
A student radiographer who is younger than 18yrs must not receive an annual occupational dose of greater than
1 mSv
100 mSv
5 mSv
50 mSv
66
The interaction shown
Can pose a safety hazard to personnel
Can have a negative impact on image quality
Occurs with low energy incident photons
67
Biologic material is least sensitive to irradiation under which of the following conditions
Hypoxic
Hypertoxia
Anoxic
Oxygenated
68
Which personnel radiation monitors will provide an immediate reading
Film badge
Lithiik fluoride chips
TLD
Pocket dosimeter
69
Under what circumstances a radiographer might be required to wear two dosimeter
While performing vascular procedures
During pregnancy
While performing mobile radiography
70
In the production of Bremsstrahlung radiation
The incident electron ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron
The incident photon ejects an inner shell tungsten electron
The incident photon is deflected, with resulting energy loss
The incident electron is deflected, with resulting energy loss
71
Which features of fluoroscopic equipment is designed to eliminate unnecessary radiation exposure to pt
Cumulative exposure timer
Bucky slot cover
Exposure switch/foot pedal
72
The dose-response curve that appears to be valid for genetic and some somatic effects is the
Linear
Nonthreshold
Nonlinear
73
Which is/are likely to improve image quality and decrease patient dose
Low kilovolt and high microampere second factors
Beam restriction
Grids
74
Which of the following statements regarding the pregnant radiographer is/are true
She should be assigned a second personnel monitor
She should declare her pregnancy to her supervisor
Her radiation history should be reviewed
75
Examples of stochastic/probabilistic effects of radiation exposure include
Genetic effects
Radiation-induced malignancy
Leukemia
76
The photoelectric effect is an interaction between an x-ray photons and
An inner-shell electron
Another photon
A nucleus
An outer-shell electron
77
Which types of radiation is/are considered electromagnetic
X-ray
Gamma
Beta
78
The primary function of filtration is to reduce
Patient skin dose
Image noise
Operator dose
Scattered radiation
79
Which groups of technical factors will deliver the least amount of exposure to the patient
400 mA, 0.25 s, 100 kVp
600mA, 0.33 s, 90kVp
800mA, 1.0 s, 70 kVp
800 mA, 0.5 s, 80 kVp
80
Which of the following projections would deliver the largest thyroid dose
PA chest
AP skull
PA skull
PA esophagus
81
Which of the following cells are the most radiosensitive
Myelocytes
Megakaryocytes
Erythroblasts
Myocytes
82
Radiation dose to personnel is reduced by which of the following exposure control cord guidelines
Exposure cords on equipment should be fairly long
Exposure cords on fixed equipment must be very short
In a fixed and mobile equipment should be of the coiled expandable type
83
The skin response to radiation exposure, which appears are reddening of the irradiated skin area known as
Dry desquamation
Erythema
Epilation
Moist desquamation
84
What quantity of radiation exposure to the reproductive organs is required to cause temporary infertility
4 Gy
2 Gy
3 Gy
1 Gy
85
The dose of radiation that will cause a noticeable skin reaction is referred to as the
SID
SED
SSD
LET
86
All of the following function to reduce patient dose, except
A high-speed inaging system
A high-speed grid
Beam restriction
High kVp, low mAs factors
87
Radiation that passes through the tube housing in directions other than that of the useful beam is termed as
Leakage radiation
Remnant radiation
Secondary radiation
Scattered radiation
88
The purpose of filers in a film badge is
To eliminate harmful rays
To measure radiation quality
To prevent exposure by alpha particles
As a support for the film contained within
89
Exposure rate 7 ft away from radiation source is 1.5mGy what is the dose at a distance of 8ft for 30 min
1.31 mGy
0.57 mGy
13.1 mGy
1.14 mGy
90
Which of the following may be used to express exposure in air
Gy
Sv
RBE
Air kerma
91
Which is acceptable to monitor the radiation exposure of those who are occupationally employed
TLD
Quarterly blood cell count
OSL dosimeter
92
Which tissues is/are considered to be particularly radiosensitive
Optic nerve
Epidermis of extremities
Intestinal mucous membrane
93
The target theory applies to
Oocytes
Lymphocytes
DNA molecules
Spermatogonia
94
Which of the following terms refers to the period between conception and birth
Congenital
Gestation
Neonatal
In vitro
95
Which of the following has an effect on the amount and type of radiation-induced tissue damage
Type of tissue being irradiated
Fractionation
Quality of radiation
96
Milliamperes increased to maintain output intensity, how is the ESE affected as the source to skin (SSD) is increased
The ESE decreases
ESE is unrelated to SSD
The ESE increases
The ESE remains unchanged
97
.
Somatically significant dose
Genetically significant dose
Lethal dose
Maximum permissible dose
98
Primary radiation barriers must be at least how high
5 feet (1.5 m)
6 feet (1.8 m)
8 feet (2.4 m)
7 feet (2.1 m)
99
The interactions between x-ray photons and tissue that is responsible for rad contrast but also contributes to pt dose
Coherent scatter
Compton scatter
The photoelectric effect
Pair production
100
All the following statements regarding TLDs are true except
TLDs use a lithium fluoride phosphor
A TLD is a personal radiation monitor
TLDs are reusable
After xray exposure, TLDs emiy heat in response to stimulation by light
