Identify the FALSE statement regarding samples and populations.

Samples will ALWAYS be representative of a population.

Which best helps to minimize changes in subject behavior if they know what group they are in?

Blind the subjects to their group assignment

The statistical power of a study is the probability that ______.

investigators will reject the null hypothesis

What effect does blinding the tester or investigator to the group assignment have?

B and C, "He won't be able to see very well Cotton..."-Pepper Brooks

You would see outcome measures in subjects do what if they statistically regress to the mean?

Extreme values would migrate to the average of the sample

Which would decrease external validity?

A study which uses convenience sampling to obtain subjects.

The level of evidence considered to be the "gold standard" is which of the following?

Systematic reviews/meta-analyses of RCT's

Which of the following are FALSE when addressing random assignment of subjects in a study?

Controls primary variance; "effect"

For outcomes of a study to be related to the intervention and not variance, what must be used?

Stable environmental conditions

In a research study, the testers are looking for changes in the _____, as a result of the ____.

dependent variable; independent variable

What would be the accessible population of a study done in the greater STL area be?

those people who live in the general STL area

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DEA II Exam 1 Prep

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Questions 81

Answers

1
Randomization of subjects their treatment groups performs all of the following EXCEPT?
Increases bias
Controls for secondary variance
Increase internal validity
Increase external validity
2
Alpha is to ______ as Beta is to ______.
Type II error; Type I error
Type I error; Type II error
3
A study spans over a number of years, subjects age, what internal validity threat is at play?
Maturation
Compensatory rivalry
Regression to the mean
Imitation of treatments
4
What do you call an alligator who's occupation is detective work?
An investiGATOR
lol
5
A hypothesis is...
all of the above.
part of the scientific method
an educated guess.
a prediction about the results.
6
Generally, when the importance of a study increases, the Alpha level ________.
Decreases
Increases
Stays the same
7
Temperature in Kelvin where there can be a complete lack of heat is an example of what data?
Ratio
Ordinal
Temperature
Nominal
8
Identify the FALSE statement regarding samples and populations.
Populations are a specific group of people w/ a condition.
Samples will ALWAYS be representative of a population.
The sample is the group of people being studied.
B and C are both incorrect
9
_________, otherwise known as a randomized control trial.
Descriptive study
True experiment
Case series/report
Mechanism-based experiment
10
Which best helps to minimize changes in subject behavior if they know what group they are in?
Blind the subjects to their group assignment
Let the subject choose which treatment they want to receive
Blind the investigator to the group assignment
Have the subjects cover their eyes for the entire study
11
Priming the subjects to the procedure done in a study will increase the believability of it.
True
False
12
Which of the following research questions matches a "process" focus in clinical practice?
What is the risk of?
What will happen if?
None of the above
What does that look like?
13
Incorrect position of subjects in a reliability study of goni would decrease internal validity.
False
True
14
Case study is to descriptive research as ______ are to factors.
Dependent variables
Levels
Criteria
Independent variables
15
What phase of translational pathway would you find a study using mice as their subjects?
Preclinical
Post-clinical
T2
T4
16
The statistical power of a study is the probability that ______.
investigators will reject the null hypothesis
investigators will fail to reject the null hypothesis
a statistical test will not lead to a significant result
A and C are correct
17
What effect does blinding the tester or investigator to the group assignment have?
B and C
Decreases secondary variance
"He won't be able to see very well Cotton..."-Pepper Brooks
Minimizes bias
18
Descriptive research where the investigators look for ways to group people in a meaningful way.
Case studies
Classification studies
Enumerative surveys
RCT's
19
A sampling technique that divides a population into different groups based on characteristics.
Stratified random sampling
Subgroup sampling
Free random sampling
Cluster sampling
20
You would see outcome measures in subjects do what if they statistically regress to the mean?
Extreme values would migrate to the average of the sample
All subjects in the study would migrate away from the mean.
Those values close to the mean would stay close to the mean.
Normal values of the sample would become extremes/outliers.
21
Which is consistent variation in the DV that can be directly attributed to the IV?
Error variance
Secondary variance
Primary variance
22
What do Linda Van Dillen and I have in common?
We both enjoy the lumbar spine
We both suck at telling jokes.
All of the above
None of the above
23
Your study loses a number of subjects halfway, which threat to internal validity is this?
Inadequate sampling
Statistical regression to the mean
Attrition
Resentful demoralization
24
A sample that is not representative of the population of interested would be a threat to what?
External validity
Internal validity
Believability of the study
All of the above
25
Which of the following is FALSE regarding true experiments?
Less than 2 groups
Subjects are placed into groups random
The investigators are controlling the intervention
None of the above
26
Which would decrease external validity?
A study which uses convenience sampling to obtain subjects.
A study which uses random sampling to obtain subjects.
27
In early learning trials, investigators want a more homogenous sample; they should have ______.
B and C
no criteria
less restrictive criteria
more restrictive criteria
28
The level of evidence considered to be the "gold standard" is which of the following?
Non-randomized controlled trials
All of the above
Systematic reviews/meta-analyses of RCT's
Single randomized control trials
29
Which of the following are FALSE when addressing random assignment of subjects in a study?
Allows a study to be called a "true experiment"
Controls for secondary variance; "bias"
Subject demographics are evenly distributed across groups
Controls primary variance; "effect"
30
The inclusion/exclusion criteria of a study should most definitely _________.
be vague, so anyone can join the study
match the conclusion of the study
match the purpose of the study
get as many subjects in the study as possible
31
T/F: Clinical trials are not absolute and the progression of them is bidirectional.
True
False
32
In an experimental research study w/ two groups, what statistical test would you use?
All of the above
ANOVA test
None of the above
T-test
33
T/F A study of ACL tear in adolescents would have more external validity if the mean age was 30
False
True
34
Which span of the translational pathway of research are all clinical trial phases included in?
Just preclinical phase
T1.5-T3
Both A and B
T3-T4 phases
35
This type of trial tests how beneficial an interventional is in a clinical setting.
Effectiveness trial
Clinical setting trial
Explanatory trial
Case study
36
For outcomes of a study to be related to the intervention and not variance, what must be used?
a 2-step t-test
Proper positioning of the LE in the post. glut. med. MMT
A goniometer
Stable environmental conditions
37
Your subjects find out they are the control group and are upset, which threat to int val?
Imitation of treatments
A and C are correct
Resentful demoralization
Compensatory rivalry
38
This type of trial tests to see if the intervention produces the expected result.
Effector trial
Efficacy trial
Erector trial
Effectiveness trial
39
T/F: Exploratory variables are the variables of interest in experimental research.
False
True
40
Which of these variables could be considered a form of bias or secondary variance in a study?
Dependent variables
Independent variables
All of the above
Modifying variables
41
Which of the following research questions matches a "mechanistic" focus in clinical practice?
What does that look like?
How does this work?
What will happen if?
What is the best way to tell if...?
42
In a research study, the testers are looking for changes in the _____, as a result of the ____.
modifying variable; independent variable
dependent variable; independent variable
independent variable; dependent variable
dependent variable; modifying variable
43
This type of research investigates "what" and "how many".
Non-experimental
Experimental
Descriptive
44
Which is considered inconsistent variation in the DV not directly attributable to the IV?
Error variance
Primary variance
Secondary variance
45
Also known as "noise" in a study...
Error variance
Primary variance
Secondary variance
46
T/F Statistics help to describe/estimate population characteristics (e.g. mean, variance, etc.)
True
False
47
Having a repeatable and consistent treatment intervention __________ internal validity.
Decreases
Increases
48
All of the following are examples of nominal data EXCEPT _______.
Diagnoses
Berg Balance Scale score
Eye color
Gender
49
What stage of the translational pathway of research incorporates results into daily practice?
T2
All of the above
T3
T1
50
In clinical trial phases, what is something that is constantly being evaluated by researchers?
Specific population response to the intervention
Efficacy of intervention
Asking for pain
Does the intervention work in a general population?
51
What would be the accessible population of a study done in the greater STL area be?
those people who live in the general STL area
people who read their online flyer from Denver that want in
everyon in the US that fall under the age range of the study
52
In general, as research studies progress down the continuum, criteria become _____ restrictive.
less
more
53
An enumerative survey serves to ___________.
illustrate a behavior in a prototypical form.
categorize individuals into diagnostic and prognostic groups
report on the incidence and prevalence of a condition
54
All of the following will increase external validity of a study EXCEPT _________.
Subjects are demographically different than the target.
The environment where the study is consistent site to site.
The study was done recently.
B and C
55
What is the benefit of having a control group when comparing >2 groups within a study?
None of the above
Allows the researcher to attribute the outcome to the IV
All of the above
Increases the primary variance
56
Which variation is observed due to confounding effects within the study or sample population?
Secondary variance
Error variance
Primary variance
57
A data type where there is no fixed zero (e.g. temperature in Celsius) is called what?
Interval
None of the above
Ratio
All of the above
58
When analyzing a study done on med students, the year in med school is considered what?
A factor
A level
The dependent variable
A and C are correct
59
When concluding a study, saying that an effect did NOT happen when it actually did is what?
Type II error
Type III error
Type I error
60
Which of the following research questions matches a "descriptive focus" in clinical practice?
What does that look like?
What is the best way to tell if...?
What will happen if...?
What is the risk of...?
61
A study on the effects of fall prevention in the elderly's target population would be ________.
middle-aged men
the elderly
kids, but you have to guess their age based on how they act.
young, healthy individuals
62
All of the following are used statistics used in descriptive/measurement research EXCEPT _____.
T-test
measures of central tendency
Ratios
Percentages
63
What are we analyzing when trying to see to apply a study's results to clinical practice?
External validity
Internal validity
64
T/F: the "Background" of a research article is considered to be a full review of the article.
True
False
65
The background of a research study provides which of the following?
A rationale for why they performed the study
An introduction of the topic of discussion
All of the above
None of the above
66
Also known as "bias"...
Error variance
Secondary variance
Primary variance
67
We need to know if we should believe the study results and conclusions...what are we analyzing?
Internal validity
External validity
68
P-value of a data set= .03. The significance level set by the study is .05, which are TRUE?
There is a 3% chance of committing a type I error.
All of the above
The researchers can reject the null hypothesis
The probability of the effect seen occurring by chance is 3%
69
The research design of a paper will be found within what section?
Discussion
Conclusion
Background
Methods
70
Which clinical trial phase would assess the efficacy of the Tx. in the general population?
Phase II
Phase III
Phase I
Phase IV
71
Which is true regarding the alpha level set by investigators in a research study?
It is typically set from .10-.15
It is done before collecting the data; a priori
It is the probability of correctly rejecting the null.
It is the chance of making a type II error.
72
The subjects that are recruited and enrolled in the study you are performing are considered?
the population
All of the above
the sample
the targets
73
A study where two groups receive different tx's and then switch treatments following a washout.
Cross-over study
"Switcho-Swacho" study
Washout study
Delayed intervention study
74
Ranking subjects' into categories based on temperature above, below, or equal to normal is ___.
Ratio
Ordinal
Nominal
Interval
75
What threat(s) result from behavior change through knowing information about the interventions?
Maturation
Imitation of treatments
A and B
Resentful demoralization
76
Another name for measurement in research design is what?
Observation
None of the above
FUN
All of the above
77
A study's design explains the assignment of its subjects into 3 groups, what could this mean?
The participants splits themselves up into three groups
The participants were randomized into three groups
A and B are both correct
The participants have a homework assignment to complete
78
When would the independent variable of a study be considered ordinal data?
Whenever an ANOVA is used
Whenever a t-test is used
Never; the independent variable is always nominal data
Always
79
T/F: In ordinal data, it is okay to BOTH count and rank individuals within categories.
True
False
80
Also known as the "effect" of the IV on the DV...
Primary variance
Error variance
Secondary variance
81
T/F: Statistics are a computed, descriptive values of a sample.
False
True

DEA II Exam 1 Prep Flashcards | StudBud