Biological constraints

are biological limits that animals have to learn certain things.

Definition: flashbulb memory

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Preserves info in its original form for less than a few secs

failure to process information into memory

In classical conditioning discrimination is?

process of learning to respond only to some stimuli

The school of behaviorism defined psychology as

the scientific study of observable behavior

Refer to a continuum from shallow, to intermediate, to deep

Classical Conditioning

is associated with stimulus-response

Proactive interference occurs when...

Older memories cause forgetting of newer ones.

some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories

which is an example of an implicit memory

remembering how to tie your shoelace

According to the principles of operant conditioning, a positive reinforcement is

Addition of a desirable consequence

serial position effect

tendency to remember first and last items on the list, Primacy effect, and recency effect

classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________

pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments

what is executive attention

How? allocation of attention, errors, Close link between executive control

Associative learning involves:

Connecting events together to learn

Operant conditioning (Skinner) is...

Association established between behavior and consequence

What is latent learning?

learned behavior only seen when reward is given

Purposive Behaviorism

Emphasizes goals-directed behavior and cognitive processes in learning

To prevent encoding failure you should...

engage in effortful processing.

Which might experience instinctive drift?

a cat who learns to walk on its hind legs to push a ball

In classical conditioning, GENERALIZATION is

Pavlov's dog drools at the sound of ANY type of ring

classical conditioning through spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR

In operant conditioning, shaping is

reinforcers are given at each step to get desired behavior

Short-term Memory is:

information stored for a few minutes or hours

What is retrieval failure?

Where you just can't remember something you know!

Chunking is used to....

remember more bits of information

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Ch 5/6 Review

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Questions 64

Answers

1
Which therapy uses classical and operant conditioning?
Cognitive
Group/Family
Behavioral
Humanism
2
Recall and Recognition
Stages of memory
Processes of memory
Types of retrieval
3
This type of memory retrieval involves reconstructing memory.
Remembrance
Recollection
Recall
Recognition
4
Biological constraints
are biological abilities of animals to learn anything.
are biological limits that animals have to learn certain things.
teach animals how to hunt.
are natural behaviors of animals.
5
Classical conditioning involves taste aversion
False
True
6
The sound of a word or memory is processed through _______ encoding.
consolidated
phonemic
semantic
structural
7
Definition: flashbulb memory
clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
a lightbulb you can buy at home depot
a memory that lasts a second
a flash of light triggers an old memory
8
Sensory memory
Ultd capacity -can hold info over lengthy periods of time
Preserves info in its original form for less than a few secs
Is known as working memory
ltd capacity, maintain unrehearsed info up to approx 20 secs
9
encoding failure
failure to process information into memory
physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed
older information already stored has collapsed
loss of memory due to the passage of time
10
In classical conditioning discrimination is?
learning to respond only to all stimuli
process of learning to respond only to some stimuli
learning to treat people in a negative way
treatment of people in a negative way
11
The school of behaviorism defined psychology as
the sociology study of group behavior
the biological study of the brain and its behavior
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
the scientific study of observable behavior
12
Levels of processing
Refer to a continuum from encoding, to retrieval
Refer to a continuum from shallow, to intermediate, to deep
Are encoding, retrieval, and storage
13
Classical Conditioning
usually refers to canine behaviour
refers to the concept of reinforcement
is associated with stimulus-response
is about negative responses
14
Proactive interference occurs when...
Older memories cause forgetting of newer ones.
We don't have the right information to trigger our memory.
Memories fade over time.
Newer memories cause forgetting of older ones.
15
interference theory
some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories
the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time
The proportion of material retained (remembered).
occurs when memorizing knowledge near electronic sources
16
which is an example of an implicit memory
recognizing a celebrity
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
remembering how to tie your shoelace
17
Insight learning involves
Habituation
Watching others do it first
Thinking and reasoning
Trying until you succeed
18
procedural memory
explicit memory
implicit memory
19
Autobiographical memory:
Memory of Last Christmas Gathering
All of 3
Recalling the Joy of School Graduation
Best Friend's Birthday Party
20
Encoding, storage and retrieval are part of what memory theory?
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
Information processing theory
Atkinson-Shffrin 3 part theory
filter theory
21
According to the principles of operant conditioning, a positive reinforcement is
Addition of an aversive consequence
Loss of a desirable consequence
Loss of an aversive consequence
Addition of a desirable consequence
22
Taste Aversion (example of classical conditioning)
John Garcia
Lawrence Kohlberg
Edward Tolman
B.F. Skinner
23
Activating our schemas helps us...
make connections to reading
digest food better
memorize facts about reading
spell words properly
24
What is sustained attention?
inability to keep attention
attention seeking behavior
when attention isn't enough
ongoing focus
25
serial position effect
the order in which info is given to you
tendency to remember first and last items on the list
Primacy effect, and recency effect
eating cereal
26
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
learned responses; physiological reactions
fixed intervals; variable ratios
schedules; punishers
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
27
what is executive attention
How? allocation of attention, errors, Close link between executive control
When? External cues such as noises or visual cues
What? Selective attention
Where? Places, scenery
28
Associative learning involves:
Working with associates to learn
Connecting events together to learn
Learning by watching others
Learning something by doing it
29
Operant conditioning (Skinner) is...
Association established by thought
Association established between 2 stimuli
Association established between behavior and consequence
Association established between thought and action
30
What is latent learning?
adding a unwanted stimulus to weaken behavior
form association between respondent behavior
learned behavior only seen when reward is given
gradual reinforcement to get desired affect
31
operant conditioning comes from Thorndike's “law of Effect”
True
False
32
Purposive Behaviorism
Humans learn by forming mental maps, which changes behavior towards goals
Mentally representing spatial layout using navigation and surroundings
Acquiring knowledge or skill without immediate reinforcement
Emphasizes goals-directed behavior and cognitive processes in learning
33
Long-Term Memory includes...
Sensory, Short-Term & Retrieval
Sensory Memory
Sensory & Short-Term
Short-Term Memory
34
implicit memory?
All of the above
A memory that is retrieved unconsciously.
A memory that is coded automatically
Includes procedural information like riding a bike
35
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is the...
associative stimulus
neutral stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
36
Retroactive interference involves the disruption of…
iconic memory
automatic processing
memory retrieval
semantic encoding
37
To prevent encoding failure you should...
engage in effortful processing.
avoid source amnesia.
limit parallel processing.
stop long-term potentiation.
38
what year was the Atkinson and Shiffron theory created?
1969
1988
1968
1986
39
Which might experience instinctive drift?
an elephant who learns to paint using its trunk
a dolphin who learns to jump thru a hoop for a food reward
a bird who learns to push a switch with its beak for food
a cat who learns to walk on its hind legs to push a ball
40
In classical conditioning, GENERALIZATION is
Pavlov's dog drools at the sound of ANY type of ring
Pavlov's dog drools only at the sound of a SPECIFIC ring
41
Long Term memory is:
details stored for years
not present if you are forgetful
details stored in a box
details not stored in our brain
42
classical conditioning through spontaneous recovery
The reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished response
the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
43
In operant conditioning, shaping is
punishment is given at each step to get desired behavior
reinforcers are given at each step to get desired behavior
a fear response to all that resembles conditioned stimulus
44
Observational learning requires the work of...
reinforcers
models
unconditioned stimuli
None of the Above
45
Working Memory is another term for...
Long-Term Memory
Your Mother
Short-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
46
Atkinson and Shiffron discovered what in 1958?
Long-term memory model
Working memory model
Multi-store model
47
Short-term Memory is:
information not stored in our brains
not useful
information stored in a box
information stored for a few minutes or hours
48
What is retrieval failure?
Where you just can't remember something you know!
Not retrieving a failure
49
Classical conditioning studies are?
Bandura's research
Little Albert
Skinner's box
Pavlov's dogs
50
repressed memories
Psychoanalytic
Behavioral
Biological
Humanistic
51
Chunking is used to....
throwing objects
remember more bits of information
remember visual information
remember information longer
52
Through operant conditioning, people learn to control
unconditioned stimulus
voluntary responses
unconditioned response
involuntary biological behaviors
53
In classical conditioning, acquisition is....
the strengthening of a reinforced response
the initial stage
linking a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neural stimulus
54
When does observational learning occur?
When an animal's innate response interfere with processes.
When a change in behavior is due to experience.
When responding is influenced by the observation of others.
When the learned response is previously neutral.
55
The Working Memory Model consists of......
The retrieval process
The sensory store
Rehearsal to short term memories
The Episodic Buffer
56
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
temporarily can't remember something, w/feeling it's just out of reach
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
can't recall specific info bcuz of insufficient encoding into LTM
57
Which sentence most accurately describes sensory memory?
Decides which memories to encode in long-term memory.
Records all incoming sensations, remembering them forever.
Perfectly stores all sensory input for a limited time.
Encodes only sensations we are currently attending to.
58
In classical conditioning, extinction means
the answer is no longer valid
a learned ability
it is not a form of acquisition
The learned behavior is gone
59
What is the encoding specificity principle?
a cue is there when learnt and remembered = better
context-dependent forgetting
mnemonic techniques
60
Define: explicit memory
a clear and vivid memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
long-term memory of facts and experiences we consciously know and can say
short-term storage of sensory information
memory of sequences and narratives
61
Semantic memory is ____
Facts and general knowledge
Events experienced by a person
62
Iconic sensory memory is to vision as echoic sensory memory is to _
Touch
Taste
Smell
Sound
63
What is Expectancy Learning?
ideas, memories, and experiences are linked when experienced with another.
behaviors result from conscious choices among alternatives based on rewards
You have to see a behavior to learn it
The learning of the association between the US and the CS
64
Divided attention
Maintaining attention over an extended period of time
Concentrating on more than one activity at a time

Ch 5/6 Review Flashcards | StudBud