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AP Psych Exam Review
AP Psych Exam Review
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1
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
specific changes in the brain
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
2
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
clap their hands
write with a pencil
say a sentence
cut with a knife
3
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
client-centered therapy
token economies
REBT
systematic desensitization
4
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
well below the average of 200
slightly above average
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
5
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
EEG
PET
rTMS
MRI
6
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
triarchic
projective
achievement
standardized
7
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
inferiority complexes
repressed memories
functional fixedness
archetypes
8
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
achievement test
EQ test
IQ test
aptitude test
9
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
10
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
mere-exposure effect
central route persuasion
deindividuation
11
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
psychodynamic
evolutionary
biological
humanistic
12
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
fundamental attribution error
out-group homogeneity
reciprocity norm
self-fulfilling prophecy
13
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
trait
psychoanalyst
humanist
social-cognitive
14
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
L-Dopa
SSRIs
benzodiazepines
lithium
15
which structure is part of the inner ear
tympanic membrane
auditory canal
basilar membrane
malleus (hammer)
16
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
environmental factors that influence intelligence
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
nonessential subjects like art and music
17
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
18
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
fovea
feature detectors
optic chiasm
19
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
amygdala
hypothalamus
cerebellum
medulla
20
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
neuroticism
21
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
latency period
anal stage
oral stage
phallic stage
22
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
dissociation
tolerance
activation-synthesis
antagonists
23
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his research wasn't representative of the population
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
24
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
puberty
late 40s
early 20s
mid 30s
25
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
conformity
social facilitation
social roles
disinhibition
26
What is the purpose of the DSM
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
27
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
inappropriate or flat affect
28
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
social
situational
behavioral
dispositional
29
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
personalities
daily activities
sleep cycles
circadian rhythm
30
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
sight
touch
smell
hearing
31
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
gender schema theory
the social role hypothesis
principle of continuity
linguistic relativity hypothesis
32
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
test-retest reliability
aptitude measures
construct validity
standardization
33
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
delta waves
beta waves
sleep spindles
34
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
postconventional
James-Lange
approach-avoidance
theory Y
35
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
go for a run
make new friends
eat a meal
pursue a romantic interest
36
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
hormones released in the womb
parenting style
traumatic childhood experiences
masculine/feminine personality traits
37
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
autism
major depressive disorder
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease
38
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
ignore : adaptation
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
39
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
40
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
41
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : decrease
remove : punish
remove : increase
add : decrease
42
light enters the eye through an opening in the
iris
fovea
retina
blind spot
43
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychoanalyst
cognitive psychotherapist
clinical psychologist
psychiatrist
44
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law
45
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
episodic memory
retroactive memory
recall
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
46
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
myelin
synaptic cleft
terminal button
47
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
token economy
law of effect
higher-order conditioning
behavior shaping
48
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
accommodation
assimilation
discrimination
habituation
49
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
neuroplasticity
effective psychological environment
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
50
which is an example of an implicit memory
remembering how to tie your shoelace
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
recognizing a celebrity
51
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
unconditional positive regard
an external locus of control
the Oedipus complex
the self-serving bias
52
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
53
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
54
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
test-retest reliability
split-half reliability
content validity
predictive validity
55
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
fundamental
external
situational
internal
56
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
biological theory
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
57
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
convergence
linear perspective
closure
retinal disparity
58
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
dissociative identity disorder
59
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
conservation
universal ethical principles
object permanence
attachment
60
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
stereotyping
superordinate goals
out-group homogeneity
scapegoating
61
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
assignment to conditions
representative assignment
random assignment
random sampling
62
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
serial position effect
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language acquisition device
phonemes and morphemes
63
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
semantic memory
eidetic memory
procedural memory
episodic memory
64
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
achieving physiological homeostasis
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
65
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
fluid intelligence
multiple intelligences
crystallized intelligence
aptitude intelligence
66
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
a strong superego
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
high self-efficacy
67
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
believe in God
have been exposed to good, moral role models
be able to take another person's perspective
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
68
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
procedural memory
sensory memory
long-term memory
short-term memory
69
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
motor development
attachment
parenting style
assimilation
70
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
pitch of the tone
frequency of the wave
transduction of the wave
amplitude of the wave
71
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
secure attachment with parents
early gross motor practice
myelination of brain neurons
concrete operational exercises
72
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
73
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
74
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
variances
outliers
normally distributed
modes
75
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
cognitive
evolutionary
psychodynamic
humanistic
76
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
Schachter two-factor theory
James-Lange theory
opponent process theory
77
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
observational learning
latent learning
counterconditioning
insight learning
78
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
factor analysis
defense mechanisms
secondary central dispositions
unconditional positive regard
79
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
frequency theory
80
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Wernicke's area
hippocampus
Gage's area
Broca's area
81
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
sensory adaptation
difference threshold
absolute threshold
frequency theory
82
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
psychoanalytic
evolutionary
behavioral
cognitive
83
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
pens, pencils, and a computer
four legs and a seat
a desk and/or table
84
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
William James
Albert Bandura
85
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
sympathetic nervous system
endocrine system
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
86
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
speaking aloud
moving her left hand
solving a logic problem
understanding what was said to her
87
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
deindividuation
group polarization
groupthink
social facilitation
88
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
proactive interference
state-dependent memory
long-term potentiation
semantic encoding
89
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
secondary
continuous
primary
partial
90
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
91
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
self-serving bias
Barnum effect
just world bias
false consensus effect
92
Which is most closely associated with creativity
functional fixedness
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
divergent thinking
93
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
antisocial personality disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
94
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
serotonin
adrenaline
dopamine
95
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
mean
median
standard deviation
range
96
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
movement and electrical shocks
punishment and aversion
nausea and food or drink
performing a task and receiving food
97
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
hormones jump from one axon to the next
98
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
framing effects
inattentional blindness
confirmation bias
representativeness heuristic
99
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
instrumental learning
100
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
id, ego, and superego
traits, the environment, and behavior
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
101
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
superordinate goals
group polarization
deindividuation
diffusion of responsibility
102
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
detecting absolute threshold
sound localization
hearing high frequencies
sensory adaptation
103
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
heightened manifest dream content
104
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
rods
cones
cornea
optic nerve
105
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
proactive interference
leading questions
relearning effect
brain injury
106
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
107
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
psychoanalytic
biological
trait
humanistic
108
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
at what age can children reason abstractly
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
109
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
social psychology
psychometrics
positive psychology
health psychology
110
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
111
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
size of the group
presence of an authority figure
wearing guard uniforms
placebo effect
112
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
standard deviation
mean
median
range
113
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
unconscious conflicts
secondary drives and needs
genetics and nutrition
parenting styles
114
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
need for achievement
primary drives
extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
115
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
mirror neurons
sublimation
latent learning
modeling
116
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive reinforcement
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
modeling
117
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
cognitive
structuralist
pharmacological
behavioral
118
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
fixed intervals; variable ratios
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
learned responses; physiological reactions
schedules; punishers
119
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
counterbalancing
inferential statistics
standard deviation
descriptive statistics
120
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
medulla oblongata
corpus callosum
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
121
the limbic system plays an important role in
planning for the future
processing sensory information
regulating emotion
maintaining balance
122
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
hearing
touch
sight
balance
123
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
124
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
125
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
double blind study
counterbalancing
126
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
anixety
schizophrenic
personality
dissociative
127
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
Moro
stepping
Babinski
rooting
128
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
mental retardation
Down syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
129
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
avoidance-avoidance
approach-approach
130
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
talking to a patient
cognitive-behavioral interventions
secondary preventions
biomedical interventions
131
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
manifest content and latent content
role theory and dissociation theory
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
conscious level and non conscious level
132
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
top-down and bottom-up processing
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
proximity and similarity
binocular and monocular cues
133
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
post-traumatic stress disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
134
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
electro-convulsive shock therapy
gestalt therapy
free association
prefrontal lobotomy
135
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
lack of debriefing
violation of confidentiality
136
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unfulfilled needs
neurochemical imbalances
unhealthy attributional styles
learned associations
137
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
increasing group polarization within different groups
responding to deindividuation among group members
138
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
pons
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
139
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
140
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
displacement
projection
reaction formation
sublimation
141
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
latent learning
the law of effect
142
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed variable
continuous
fixed ratio
variable interval
143
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
144
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-fulfilling prophecy
cognitive dissonance
fundamental attribution error
self-serving bias
145
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
absolute threshold
bottom up processing
difference threshold
signal detection theory
146
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
147
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
correlation study
experiment
naturalistic observation
case study
148
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
trait
149
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
sensory cortex
medulla
150
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and high control
high warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and low control
151
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
a mental set
low experiential intelligence
divergent thinking
belief perseverance
152
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
153
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
154
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
individualism
self-serving bias
compliance strategies
in-group bias
155
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
156
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
holobase
morpheme
grapheme
phoneme
157
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that primates can make and use tools
the importance of physical contact to development
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that language is a uniquely human skill
158
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
aversion therapy
counterconditioning
rational emotive behavior therapy
systematic desensitization
159
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
developmental study
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
social-cognitive study
160
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
environment
temperament
family
culture
161
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
self-serving bias
a theory
overconfidence
hindsight bias
162
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a mean that is the same as the median
a probability of chance less than 5%
163
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
95
84
68
50