The superego is Freud's term for...

the moral component of personality

If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...

the other boy started it and he was defending himself

You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
2
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
3
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
4
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
sensation
perception
consciousness
5
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
reversibility
egocentrism
6
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
7
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
lesioning
tumor ligation
8
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
REM
stage 4
stage 1
9
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
decibels
timbre
loudness
10
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
encoded
modeled
ablated
11
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
12
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
oral
anal
genital
13
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
14
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
15
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
bipolar
cyclical
dissociative
16
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
17
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
18
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
punishment
observational learning
19
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
brightness
color
light purity
20
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
21
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
surprise
happiness
sadness
fear
22
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
23
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
tone
food/meat powder
24
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the conscious
the unconscious
25
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
medulla
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
26
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
constancy
closure
similiarity
27
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
28
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
thalamus
29
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
behaviorism
functionalism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
30
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test levels
test scores
test scales
31
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
32
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
33
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
34
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
35
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
exposure to light
36
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
37
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
38
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
gamma
alpha
delta
39
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
attention
processing
perception
40
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
heroin
marijuana
cocaine
41
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
construct
content
absolute
42
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
feeding
43
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
44
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
mental age
IQ
a percentile score
45
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
46
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in openness
low in extraversion
47
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
48
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
49
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
50
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
personality
schizophrenic
anxiety
51
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
52
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
53
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
operant conditioning
insight learning
classical conditioning
54
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
frustration
conflict
change
55
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
56
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
57
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
58
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
G. Stanley Hall
59
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
60
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
61
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
investment differentiations
social scripts
display rules
62
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
63
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
operant conditioning
64
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
tie shoe laces
65
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
66
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
67
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
compensation
displacement
fixation
68
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
69
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
70
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
71
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
72
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
73
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
predictability
consistency
accuracy of inference
74
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
75
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
syntax
76
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
psychoanalytic
77
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
78
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender differences
79
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
80
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
procedural
crystallized
fluid
81
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term
short-term
82
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
opiates
prenatals
83
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
reticular formation
brainstem
84
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
85
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
86
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
relearning
recognition
reiteration
87
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
functionalism
attributionism
collectivism
88
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
89
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
90
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
median
mean
mode
91
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
deindividuation
conformity
group polarization
92
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
93
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
94
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
tree-bird
fill-feed
boat-goat
95
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
96
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
97
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
concrete
preconventional
conventional
98
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rat
rabbit
loud noise
99
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
100
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
101
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
physical interaction
102
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
103
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
behavior
conscious experience
the brain
104
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
105
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
observational learning
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
106
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
107
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
108
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
109
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
110
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
111
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
vitreous humor
iris
cornea
112
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
113
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
sequential
time of testing
cross-sectional
114
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
115
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
116
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
extinction
unconditioning
117
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a sedative
118
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
119
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
120
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
121
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
marital problems
schizophrenia
122
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
narcotics
alcohol
cannabis
123
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
stirrup
124
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
125
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
126
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
physiological recordings
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
127
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
insight
reasoning
creativity
128
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
129
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
stereotypes
attributions
self-serving bias
prejudices
130
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
131
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
132
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
phonemic
morphemic
platonic
133
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
means
134
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
semantic network
chunk
script
135
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
location of injury
spinal cord
thalamus
136
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
137
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a phobia
an obsession
a delusion
138
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
suppression
repression
139
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
hallucinations
obsessions
illusions
140
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
thalamus
parietal lobe
pineal gland
141
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
attachment probing
strange situation
142
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an intelligence test
a personality test
an aptitude test
143
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
144
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
introspection
cognition
intelligence
mentalism
145
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
146
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
147
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
148
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological instability
149
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
150
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2 Flashcards | StudBud