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WEEK 1: History & Philosophy of Science Flashcards | StudBud
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WEEK 1: History & Philosophy of Science
WEEK 1: History & Philosophy of Science
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1
Which one of these is not a
theory
in
Biology
?
evolution
independent assortment
segregation
cell theory
2
Popper thought that: a
hypothesis
is a .............. if we fail to
prove
it
false
provisional truth
deduction
empirical falsification
3
In the
Scientific Revolution
theories were, now, ....... with results from ...... & .......
compared, observations, statistics
researched, logical thinking & reasoning
researched, theoretical logic, observations
compared, observations, experiments
4
Accepted theories
become
laws
of ....... & basis for ....... further
universe, exploring
natural world, exploring
5
In the 20th Century,
medical science
was heavily
influenced
by ..... & .......
atomism, rationalism
atomism, positivism
empirical, atomism
empirical, positivism
6
Define
empiricism
phenomenon e.g disease, can't be known by description of small parts
all observable are effects that occur among smallest particles (atoms)
true knowledge using observation
pure thought & reasoning
7
Define
holism
pure thought & reasoning
all observable are effects that occur among smallest particles (atoms)
phenomenon e.g disease, can't be known by description of small parts
true knowledge using observation
8
What did
René
believe in?
rationalism
empiricism
atomism
holism
9
Who created the
4 basic rule
for
Sound science
?
René Descartes
Nicolaus Copernius
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
10
What is the
opposite
of
Empiricism
?
atomism
holism
rationalism
positivism
11
What
did
Pythagoras
of Samos use to explain the
natural world
?
observation & logic
mathematical proof from initial belief & reasoning to make new conclusion
questioning continually creating answers & criticizing answers
logical theoretical thinking superior to experience
12
Which one of these people/groups of people
adopted Aristotle's theory
of the
universe
?
astrologists
students
universities
Catholic Church
13
What is the
opposite
of
Atomism
?
positivism
rationalism
empiricism
holism
14
How
did
Thales
of Miletus & the Seven sages explain the
natural world
?
used discussion & critical logic
used discussion & critical scrutiny
used discussion & critical peer assessment
used critical logic & critical scrutiny
15
Before the Philosophy of Science began in the west, the ancient world already had knowledge in ..........
astronomy, maths, medicine
maths, medicine, religion
astronomy, religion & medicine
16
Thales
of Miletus & the Seven sages, first set of philosophers in Greece used ..... & ..... to explain the
natural world
theories & hypotheses
explanations & theories
explanations & hypotheses
17
What is the
Empirical - Atomism approach
called?
human sciences
mathematical/physical derivation
quantitative approach/ classical medical research, POSITIVISM
philosophical research
18
What is
Rationalism
?
new knowledge by induction -using observations reality & drawing conclusion
new knowledge by deduction -logical assumption/truths & logical reasoning
whole truth by studying small defined parts of reality
phenomenon more than sum of its parts
19
Johannes
observation of
Mars
identified
2 planetary motion laws
; ellipitcal obrit with sun at one focus of ellipse & ...
planetary speed in its path directly proportional to distance to sun
planetary speed in its path inversely proportional to distance to sun
20
Define
rationalism
true knowledge using observation
phenomenon e.g disease, can't be known by description of small parts
pure thought & reasoning
all observable are effects that occur among smallest particles (atoms)
21
In Science, we obtain
knowledge
about the universe by using .......
non-testable explanations & predictions
testable explanations & predictions
22
Karl Popper
used ................?
critical rationalism
empiricism
atomism
positivism
23
Who used
experimentation
to confirm theories
& connected
the use of
Maths & Physics
?
Isaac Newton
David Hume
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
24
Who were the
1st set
philosophers in
Greece (6th C BC)
who introduced the Scientific perspective in the western world?
Farabi al-Razi
Bacon, Kant, Nietzsche
Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle
25
Theories are not easily discarded; new discoveries assumed to fit ....... theoretical framework
prior
existing
26
Which word matches with this description;
summarizes
a set of
observations
ABOUT
natural phenomena?
law
theory
hypothesis
model
27
Popper
found that you can
never
be
sure
that the .......... is
100% true
raw data
observations
hypothesis
experiments
28
What category is Natural Sciences a division of?
Empirical Sciences
Rational Science
Humanities
Human Knowledge
29
Science is the study of the natural world which includes experimentations.
True
False
30
Process of scientific theory:
Hypothesis/es confirmed
through
repeated
.......
experiments
observations
31
What did
Hippocrates
emphasize?
rationalism
atomism
empiricism
holism
32
Which word matches with this description;
explains WHY natural phenomena occur
?
model
theory
law
hypothesis
33
What is "
empirical falsification
"?
show existing observations/experiment are false
show existing observations/experiment are true
show existing theories/hypothesis are true
show existing theories/hypothesis are false
34
What did
Francis Bacon
believe in?
atomism
empiricism
rationalism
holism
35
Who were the
2nd set
of philosophers in
Islamic world (8-12th C)
who introduced the Scientific perspective to world?
Bacon, Kant, Nietzsche
Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle
Farabi al-Razi
36
Who introduced the
helicocentric theory
(planents orbit around sun)?
Nicolaus Copernius
René Descartes
Galileo Galilei
Johannes Kepler
37
The ancient world used their extensive knowledge to be able to solve ..... & ....... issues
practical & religious
practical & maths
maths & practical
maths & religious
38
Which word matches with this description;
limited
statement, specific situations,
knowledge
prior
to
experimental
work ?
law
hypothesis
theory
model
39
Which approach
became the basis of emerging
human science
?
holistic
rational
empirical
atomic
40
Positivism
is known as '
True Science
'
False
True
41
Who created the
Theory of humours
?
Pythagoras
Aristotle
Hippocrates
Socrates
42
Laws of Nature; statements of fact that
concisely explains
...../ group of actions which are accepted to be
true
/.......
action, universal
action, acknowledged
43
What did
Hippocrates
focus on?
diagnosis of diseases
treatment & prognosis of diseases
44
What did
Plato
emphasize?
empiricism
rationalism
holism
atomism
45
What are the 3 divisons of Natural Science?
Sociology, Economics & History
Philosophy, Religion & Fine Arts
Biology, Chemistry & Physics
46
Explain how
deduction
helps to reach
new knowledge
?
questioning continually creating answers & criticizing answers
mathematical proof from initial belief & reasoning to make new conclusion
new truths via rejecting observation of reality & examine new ideas
forming conclusions by observations, unbiased research & study of reality
47
What
did
Aristotle
use to explain the
natural world
?
questioning continually creating answers & criticizing answers
observation & logic
mathematical proof from initial belief & reasoning to make new conclusion
logical theoretical thinking superior to experience
48
What is
Atomism
?
new knowledge by deduction -logical assumption/truths & logical reasoning
new knowledge by induction -using observations reality & drawing conclusion
phenomenon more than sum of its parts
whole truth by studying small defined parts of reality
49
What is
Epistemology
?
major branch of rationalism
major branch of natural science
major branch of philosophy
major branch of empiricism
50
Overthrow of old theories; Astronomy:
earth center of planetary orbit
overthrown by ...........
Copernican system
Newton's laws
51
Karl Popper
is known as what?
father of western philosophy
father of modern physics
one of the greatest philosophers of science in 20th C
52
Natural Science is based on ........ & ........ evidence
observational & holistic
observational & atomistic
observational & empirical
observational & rational
53
Who thought things
worked before
would
work now & in future
&
Empiricism
was the best choice but a
compromise
?
David Hume
Galileo Galilei
Johannes Kepler
Isaac Newton
54
Explain how
induction
helps to reach
new knowledge
?
questioning continually creating answers & criticizing answers
mathematical proof from initial belief & reasoning to make new conclusion
forming conclusions by observations, unbiased research & study of reality
new truths via rejecting observation of reality & examine new ideas
55
For centuries,
science
has
oscillated
(fluctuating) from ........ or .........
atomism, holism
empiricism, rationalism
empiricism, atomism
rationalsim, holism
56
What method did
Francis
use to acquire
new knowledge
?
induction
deduction
57
Science is something that ....... & ........ our
knowledge
about the
Universe
.
weakens & disorganizes
strengthens & organizes
58
What is the
Rational - Atomism approach
called?
quantitative approach/ classical medical research
philosophical research
human sciences
mathematical/physical derivation
59
What did
Zacharias Janssen
do?
made the first microscope
created the emerge of positivism
observed cellular microorganisms
created modern statistics
60
What is
Positivism
?
observations lead to conclusions in form of theories about what is true
new knowledge by deduction -logical assumption/truths & logical reasoning
new knowledge by induction -using observations reality & drawing conclusion
whole truth by studying small defined parts of reality
61
What is
Holism
?
new knowledge by deduction -logical assumption/truths & logical reasoning
phenomenon more than sum of its parts
new knowledge by induction -using observations reality & drawing conclusion
whole truth by studying small defined parts of reality
62
Whom of the philosophers were
renowned
of
science progression
in the
middle ages
?
Socrates & Demokritos
Galileo & Newton
Aristotle, Plato & Hippocrates
Thales & Pythagoras
63
Science is derived from the latin word '
scientia
', What does it mean?
experiment
nature
knowledge
64
Who is the father of
modern physics
?
Galileo Galilei
Nicolaus Copernius
René Descartes
Johannes Kepler
65
What did
Aristotle
emphasize?
holism
empiricism
rationalism
atomism
66
What
did
Plato
use to explain the
natural world
?
observation & logic
logical theoretical thinking superior to experience
mathematical proof from initial belief & reasoning to make new conclusion
questioning continually creating answers & criticizing answers
67
Which word matches with this description; a hypothesis with
limitation in validity
BUT helps explain
complex
things?
hypothesis
theory
law
model
68
Nicolaus Copernicus
established that
planets
, including Earth, revolved
around
the
Sun
False
True
69
Who
used a
Systematic approach
by presenting
all
the s
cientific observations
supporting the
hypothesis
.
Aristotle
Hippocrates
Pythagoras
Nicolaus Copernicus
70
Define
atomism
true knowledge using observation
phenomenon e.g disease, can't be known by description of small parts
pure thought & reasoning
all observable are effects that occur among smallest particles (atoms)
71
What did
Demokritos
emphasize?
holism
empiricism
rationalism
atomism
72
What
did
Socrates
use to explain the
natural world
?
questioning continually creating answers & criticizing answers
observation & logic
logical theoretical thinking superior to experience
mathematical proof from initial belief & reasoning to make new conclusion
73
What is
Empiricism
?
whole truth by studying small defined parts of reality
new knowledge by induction -using observations reality & drawing conclusion
new knowledge by deduction -logical assumption/truths & logical reasoning
phenomenon more than sum of its parts
74
Darwin
used the
Empirical
work on
evolution
:
........
records,
.......
similarities &
........
among species.
fossil, species, differences
fossil, biological, differences
fossil, biological, similarities
75
Darwin
found that 'All species evolve from earlier ......... through ..............
species, natural selection
random genetic mutations, natural selection
adaptation, natural selection
species, random genetic mutations
76
What did do
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek do
?
observed cellular microorganisms
created the emerge of positivism
created modern statistics
made the first microscope
77
What is the
Rational - Holistic approach
called?
human sciences
mathematical/physical derivation
quantitative approach/ classical medical research
philosophical research
78
Who is the father of
western philosophy
?
René Descartes
Galileo Galilei
Nicolaus Copernius
Johannes Kepler
79
The
Scientific Revolution
was from......... time.
Socrates to Demokritos'
Thales to Pythagoras'
Galileo to Newton's
Plato to Hippocrates'
80
What method did
René
use to acquire
new knowledge
?
deduction
induction
81
............. develops in
community
to which experimental results have stood the
test of time
.
Experimental setups
Active experimentation
Consensus
82
Natural Science is a branch which involves description, prediction & understanding of ..........
natural observation
natural phenomena
universe
cells
83
Who were the
3rd set
of philosophers in
Western world (16th C)
who introduced the Scientific perspective to world?
Farabi al-Razi
Bacon, Kant, Nietzsche
Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle
84
Is Science Systematic or Non-systematic?
Non-systematic
Systematic
85
What is the
Empirical - Holistic approach
called?
philosophical research
quantitative approach/ classical medical research
human sciences
mathematical/physical derivation
86
Which one of these is not a
law
in
Biology
?
cell theory
segregation
independent assortment
evolution
87
When did the
Scientific Revolution
begin?
460 - 370 BC
1500s - 1700s
500 - 1500AD
